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Currently, exact causes of migraine headaches are an area of active research. However, researchers have found that several factors, such as genetics and the environment, seem to play a role.

There are a variety of different factors that can trigger migraines. For some people, certain foods or drinks (e.g. alcohol) can trigger migraine headaches. Other common triggers of migraine attacks include stress, lack of sleep, bright lights, and strong smells. If you suffer from headaches, it's important to keep track of your triggers so you can avoid them in the future.

Some key migraine headaches triggers include:

• Emotional: Anxiety, stress

• Physical: Overexertion or lack of exercise

• Hormonal: Hormonal changes in women during certain life stages

• Environmental: Sudden shift in living environment (maybe related to stress)

• Dietary: An unhealthy diet, skipping meals, caffeine or alcohol

• Medicines: Overdependence on migraine medication

From mild to severe migraine symptoms can vary between people and also between headaches. The most common acute symptoms of migraines include throbbing or pulsing pains in the head. The pains are usually on one side of the head but can be anywhere else on the head and face. This acute pain can be moderate to severe. Other symptoms include:

• Anxiety

• Depression

• Dizziness

• Fever

• Loss of appetite

• Nausea and vomiting

• Sensitivity to light, noise, and/or smells

• Tenderness in the temples or neck

Some people also experience an aura before a migraine. An aura is an acute warning sign that a headache is about to start. It can include visual disturbances, such as flashes of light or wavy lines. Migraine frequency also varies from person to person.

OTC Medications

• Pain relief medicine: There is a variety of pain relief medicine that you can take for your migraines, and the best one for you will depend on the severity of your migraines. If you have mild migraines, over-the-counter painkillers called NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or aspirin, can be effective. Excedrin (aspirin, acetaminophen, caffeine) can work slightly better but should be avoided if you have a caffeine intolerance. However, if you have severe migraines, you may need to take prescription-strength painkillers.

• Anti nausea medication: If you are suffering from nausea as a result of your migraines, there are a variety of anti-nausea medications that you can take. These medications can help to reduce the amount of vomiting, and they can also help to make you feel more comfortable. can help if you are experiencing nausea and vomiting.

Prescription medications

If you find your current OTC medicine ineffective, talk to your doctor about getting prescription medications.

• Triptans: These are specifically designed to treat migraines. They work by narrowing the blood vessels around the brain, and they can also help to reduce the inflammation that is associated with migraines. They can be taken as a pill, nasal spray, or injection. Brand names include Imitrex and Maxalt.

• Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) agonists: These medicines may work better than triptans to stop a migraine as it’s happening, and also may be helpful for people who can’t take triptans due to side effects or contraindications. Brand names include Nurtec. Other brand names like Aimovig are injections that can prevent migraines for long periods, but are only available by neurologists. Our primary care doctors can help refer you to neurology to be evaluated for these types of treatments. 

• Beta blockers: Examples include propranolol, atenolol and nadolol. These work well as preventative medicines.

• Anti-seizure drugs: Examples include topiramate and valproic acid. These work well as preventative medicines.

• Antidepressants: Some individuals may also explore the option of antidepressants online as part of their prescribed migraine management strategy, which can work well as preventatives.

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