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  • Mental Health Issues
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  • Body Image DefinitionBody Image Definition
  • CausesCauses
  • ImpactImpact
  • Positive Body ImagePositive Body Image
  • Negative Body ImageNegative Body Image
  • Related DisordersRelated Disorders
  • Get HelpGet Help
  • Body Image StatisticsBody Image Statistics
  • ConclusionConclusion
  • ResourcesResources
  • InfographicsInfographics

Body Image: What It Is & How It Affects Mental Health

Kerry Heath, LPC-S, NCC, CEDS-S

Written by: Kerry Heath, LPC-S, NCC, CEDS-S

Kristen Fuller, MD

Reviewed by: Kristen Fuller, MD

Published: January 23, 2023

A person’s body image encompasses how they perceive their bodies both mentally and visually. This includes thoughts and feelings about appearance and how one believes their appearance impacts various aspects of their lives. How a person experiences or feels in their body directly impacts how they treat that body. When a person does not treat their body well, it can have negative effects on their mental and physical health.

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Body Image Definition

Body image is a combination of one’s perceived and ideal body image. Someone’s perceived body image is the mental picture they get when they imagine what they look like. There are varying degrees of how realistic a person’s body image may be. They may view themselves realistically, or they may see themselves much differently than others do.

Generally, the more realistic our ideal body image, the more positive our treatment of our bodies. Some people have an ideal body image that is attainable while others adopt an ideal body image that is so unrealistic that no amount of time in the gym, dieting, or plastic surgery will gain them that which they desire.

Unrealistic Body Image & Body Dysmorphic Disorder

When a person does not have an accurate view of themselves, they are said to have a distorted body image. There are varying degrees of distortion based upon the discrepancy between reality and perception. The most severe of these cases is a condition called body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Body dysmorphic disorder is outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V).1

The primary criteria for diagnosing body dysmorphic disorder are:

  1. A preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or seem slight to others
  2. At some point during the course of the disorder, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, comparing his or her appearance with that of others) in response to the appearance concerns

Clinicians will also specify whether muscle dysmorphia is present as defined by the individual being preoccupied with the idea that his or her body build is too small or insufficiently muscular.

What Causes Body Image Issues?

There are many causes of body image issues and situations that can leave people feeling negatively about their bodies. For example, when someone is made fun of for their body size, shape, or weight, it can leave them feeling that they are not appealing to look at, so they may start to believe they are ugly as a result. When these messages are also seen on TV and on social media, and commentary includes validation of these mean comments to others, it can further fuel the negative self belief.

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What Is the Impact of Body Image on Mental Health?

Body dissatisfaction arises when someone is unable to attain this socially prescribed level of attractiveness despite great effort put into changing a body that they perceive to be inferior. When a person’s realistic body and their ideal body images do not match, this can often lead to mental health issues such as eating disorders, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. Several serious eating disorders are centered around body image concerns.

Body Image Issues in Males

We historically have considered issues surrounding body image and eating disorders to be a female concern; however, in recent years, more males are dealing with body dissatisfaction. Muscle dysmorphia is more of a concern in males vs. females and involves over-exercise and restrictive eating with the goal of improving their physique.5

Body Image in Adolescents

For the adolescent, the onset of puberty can create mood disturbance due to their changing bodies. This is a common time to experience negative body image along with anxiety and depression. Later in life there are times of risk as well.

Body Image Issues During Pregnancy & Postpartum

For females, pregnancy and the post-partum period is often a time that can create a negative view of one’s body. The media reinforces this with images of celebrities posing with their infants in toned, seemingly perfect bodies.

Body Image Issues as People Age

As we age, our bodies change, creating other opportunities for negative self-talk, sadness, and depression over the appearance of gray hair, wrinkles, and a realization that our bodies are capable of less than they once were.

Does Body Image Impact Physical Health?

How a person feels in their body and perceives their appearance can also have a direct impact on their physical health. It is less likely that a person who feels badly about their appearance or who has experienced negative feedback about their appearance, will feel comfortable exercising in public, seeking out medical attention, or engaging in social activities.

Those with lower levels of body satisfaction find lower levels of enjoyment while exercising in general as well.4 These all can lead to negative physical consequences for the individual which only serve to worsen their self-concept.  When an individual feels so badly about themselves and the way that they look that they fear seeking out medical attention, the impact on their health can be quite detrimental.

These patients miss out on health screenings for cancer, diabetes, and high-blood pressure out of fear of how they might be treated for being overweight. Some even continue harmful behaviors out of fear of gaining weight if they stop such as smoking or taking stimulants.3

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Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by Equip and Nourish.

Positive Body Image

A positive body image comes from being able to accept one’s positive attributes along with those areas that one is not necessarily fond of as well. When a person learns to evaluate themselves based upon a combination of elements versus solely on their outward appearance, they will be more likely to have a positive body image.

A person with a positive body image accepts themselves and realizes that their appearance is only one facet of who they are. Avoiding comparison and perfectionism are good starting places to developing a healthy body image. If we are comparing ourselves to others and expecting ourselves to be perfect, we will never be satisfied with what we see in the mirror.

An appreciation of what our bodies can do is as important if not more so than liking what we look like. A mother appreciating that her body can carry and deliver a new life, a man appreciating that he is able to play baseball with his son, and a teenage girl loving that she can dance are all examples of this.

Why Is Positive Body Image Important?

A positive body image is important because it impacts the way we feel about ourselves. It impacts our level of confidence and how we interact in our relationships. When a person makes other factors a determinant of self-worth and self-acceptance, one’s appearance becomes less of a focal point.

This isn’t to say that wanting to look good is inherently bad. It means that we’re far more than our appearance and how it measures up to society’s standard of beauty. When we feel more confident, that confidence shows and becomes a part of who we are and what we do. This helps in our personal relationships, professional ventures, and pursuit of our hobbies.

3 Types of Body Acceptance

There are three types of body acceptance, including body positivity, body neutrality, and body liberation:

Body PositivityBody NeutralityBody Liberation
“I love my body as is”“I don’t have a strong feeling about my body”“I am much more than just my body”
Encourages people to love their body unconditionallyEmphasis on body’s functions and a neutral lensRadical body acceptance and self acceptance, inclusion and destigmatization

Negative Body Image

We have all met someone who has a negative body image. This person tries to hide behind baggy clothes, they criticize their appearance, and they avoid activities such as swimming, family photos, or anything else that involves others noticing their bodies. This individual misses out on relationships and experiences due to the way that they view themselves in comparison to others.

When something does not go well in the life of someone with a negative body image, they usually attribute it to their appearance rather than some other reason. This reinforces their belief that they need to alter their appearance to be happier and more successful.

Negative body image is:

  • A preoccupation with weight and body shape
  • Body dissatisfaction
  • Having negative emotions about your body such as self-consciousness, shame (e.g., slut shaming), guilt, or anxiety
  • Routinely making negative comments about your size and shape
  • Feeling unhappy or distraught over even the slightest increase in body weight
  • Engaging in unhealthy behaviors to modify your body such as fasting or dieting, self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, smoking, or drug usage

How Is Negative Body Image Harmful?

When a negative perception of how one looks is coupled with dieting or other unhealthy behaviors designed to improve appearance, there can be a risk to health and general well-being. These risks can be anything from poor self-esteem to full-blown eating disorders.

Someone’s Job or Academics Could Suffer

Individuals can suffer significant consequences related to a negative body image. It is difficult to focus on one’s job or academic responsibilities when the primary focus is one’s appearance and how to improve it. Negative body image can result in financial consequences if their job performance suffers.

Money Spent on Changing Your Body Could Cause Financial Issues

Financial issues also arise when diet products, supplements, fitness programs, cosmetics, and even plastic surgery are invested in to improve one’s appearance. These consequences are the extremes of what most deal with on occasion.

Low Self-Esteem & Risk of Mental Health Problems

Those who struggle with severe body image issues correlate a dissatisfaction with their appearance with being less than others. They tend to obsess about their appearance relentlessly to the point of it interfering with vocational pursuits, relationships, and the development of anxiety and depression.

Do you have a dietitian on your eating disorder recovery team? Nourish dietitians have experience with Binge Eating, Anorexia, Bulimia, and AFRID. Covered by insurance. 94% of Nourish patients pay $0 out of pocket. Visit Nourish

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Mental Health Disorders Related to Body Image

The impact of negative body image extends beyond simply not liking how one looks in their bathing suit or with their new haircut. These disturbances in how a person sees themselves in relation to others and compared to societal standards of attractiveness can lead to mental health disorders as well.

Negative body image can lead to the following mental health conditions:

  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • Diabulimia (Type I diabetics manipulate their insulin intake for weight loss)
  • Body dysmorphia
  • Muscle dysmorphia
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Depression
  • Self-injury

Weight stigma has been documented as a risk for depression, anxiety, and body dissatisfaction.8 It is difficult at times to determine which came first. Regardless, there is a vicious co-occurring cycle of mental illness and eating disorders, and both must be treated simultaneously in order for the individual to fully recover. When an individual is dissatisfied with their weight or appearance, they often feel overwhelmed, depressed, and anxious in social situations. This can lead to social isolation, negative self-talk, and overeating for comfort. These behaviors all perpetuate a negative perception of self.

How to Get Help For Body Image Issues

People with negative body image have a higher chance of developing eating disorders and related conditions.7 It is for this reason that it is important to seek out professional assistance if you or a loved one is struggling with a distorted or negative body image.

Things you can do to help someone with poor body image:

  • Speak about your own body in a positive light and practice self-acceptance
  • Discuss positive aspects of the person that aren’t appearance related
  • Stop following social media sites that reinforce unhealthy beliefs about beauty ideals and follow sites that promote body positivity and self- acceptance such as healthy at every size (HAES)
  • Avoid fat talk, fat shaming, body shaming, and judging others for appearance or performance
  • Encourage your friend or loved-one to seek out professional assistance

If you’re struggling with an eating disorder or body image issues, speaking with a therapist can help.

BetterHelp has over 20,000 licensed therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy. BetterHelp starts at $60 per week. Take a Free Online Assessment and get matched with the right therapist for you.

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Free Assessment

How to Find a Therapist

There are resources available for those who are struggling with body image and related issues. A counselor who specializes in eating disorders is an excellent starting point. These individuals are called Certified Eating Disorders Specialists (CEDS). They have specialized training in body image struggles or disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder. You can discover options for finding a therapist by asking for a referral from your primary care physician, or by using an online therapist directory, where you can sort by specialty and insurance coverage.

Body Image & Social Media

We have learned that social media and eating disorders can go hand in hand. Social media has a negative influence on those who are experiencing body image issues and can make these issues worse. The images on social media often promote unhealthy and unattainable body standards, and the over-exposure of these images become internalized. Images on social media are heavily edited and made to perfection and can leave the average person feeling badly about themselves. These negative feelings can trigger the use of poor coping mechanisms, and for some can lead to the development of eating disorders, depression, and anxiety.

Body Image Statistics

There is a great deal of information regarding the impact of body image on mental health and the risks for developing an eating disorder. The prevalence of those with body dissatisfaction is high in children, adolescents, men, and women. There’s also evidence that supports the role that weight stigma and sociocultural overvaluation of thinness plays in the development of body image disturbance as well.

Related statistics regarding body image include:

  • The best-known environmental contributor to the development of eating disorders is the sociocultural idealization of thinness8
  • Weight stigma poses a significant threat to psychological and physical health. It has been documented as a significant risk factor for depression, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction8
  • Perceived weight discrimination is significantly associated with a current diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders and mental health services use8
  • Children of mothers who are overly concerned about their weight are at increased risk for modeling their unhealthy attitudes and behaviors8
  • By age 6, girls especially start to express concerns about their own weight or shape8
  • 40-60% of elementary school girls (ages 6-12) are concerned about their weight or about becoming too fat8
  • 35-57% of adolescent girls engage in crash dieting, fasting, self-induced vomiting, diet pills, or laxatives8
  • Overweight girls are more likely than normal weight girls to engage in such extreme dieting8
  • Over 80% of college men are body dissatisfied2
  • 25% of normal weight males perceive themselves to be underweight8
  • 51% of boys exercise to lose weight or to avoid gaining weight8
  • Nearly 1/3 of teenage boys use unhealthy measures such as skipping meals, fasting, smoking cigarettes, vomiting, or taking laxatives to control their weight2

Final Thoughts on Body Image

Body image issues can be deeply painful to accept and work through, but there is hope. Working with a therapist is a great way to get ahead of these feelings, and working with your physician to ensure you are living in a physically healthy way is important. It is possible to recover from body image issues and lead a fulfilling life in the body you have.

Additional Resources

Education is just the first step on our path to improved mental health and emotional wellness. To help our readers take the next step in their journey, Choosing Therapy has partnered with leaders in mental health and wellness. Choosing Therapy may be compensated for marketing by the companies mentioned below.

Online Therapy 

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For Further Reading

  • Healthy at Every Size
  • The Body Project Experience Workshops
  • National Eating Disorders Association
  • Alliance for Eating Disorders
  • ED Referral
  • Eating Disorder Hope
  • 10 Best Eating Disorder Movies for 2022
  • Best Body Positivity Books
  • Best Positive Body Image Quotes
  • The Connection Between Obesity & Mental Health

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) affects approximately one in 40 individuals worldwide. And while it has been ranked in the top 10 most disabling mental health conditions, what is less often understood is the interplay between the disorder and another group of mental health conditions that has some of the highest mortality rates of any: eating disorders. Read More

This content is sponsored By NOCD.

Body Image Infographics

Body Image Definition Mental Health Disorders Related to Body ImageHow to Help Someone With Body Image Issues

Sources Update History

Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Publisher.

  • Dakanalis A, Zanetti AM, Riva G, Colmegna F, Volpato C, Madeddu F, Clerici M. Male body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomatology: moderating variables among men. J Health Psychol. 2015 Jan;20(1):80-90. doi: 10.1177/1359105313499198. Epub 2013 Aug 29. PMID: 23988683. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23988683/

  • Gandel, C. (14, Nov 2016). Health Conditions & Treatment. Do Obese Patients Get Worse Care? https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2016/obese-patients-weight-bias-cg.html

  • Greenleaf, C. (n.d.). Body Image and Physical Activity. Association for Applied Sport Psychology Body Image and Physical Activity. https://appliedsportpsych.org/resources/health-fitness-resources/body-image-and-physical-activity/

  • Murray SB, Rieger E, Karlov L, Touyz SW. Masculinity and femininity in the divergence of male body image concerns. J Eat Disord. 2013 Mar 28;1:11. doi: 10.1186/2050-2974-1-11. PMID: 24999393; PMCID: PMC4081826. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24999393/

  • Nagata, J.M., Murray, S.B., Bibbins-Domingo, K. Garber, A.K., Mitchison, D., & Griffths, S. (2019). Predictors of Muscularity-oriented disordered eating behaviors in U.S. young adults: A Prospective Study. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 52(12), 1380-1388. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eat.23094

  • National Eating Disorder Association. Learn: Body Image. Body Image and Eating Disorders. https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/body-image-0

  • National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Statistics and Research on Eating Disorders. https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/statistics-research-eating-disorders

  • Vannucci A, Ohannessian CM. Body Image Dissatisfaction and Anxiety Trajectories During Adolescence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018;(47)5:785-795.  doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1390755 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15374416.2017.1390755

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We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about our editorial policies here.

January 23, 2023
Author: No Change
Reviewer: No Change
Primary Changes: Updated for readability and clarity. Reviewed and added relevant resources. Added “What Causes Body Image Issues?”, “3 Types of Body Acceptance”, and “Body Image & Social Media”. New material written by Silvi Saxena, MBA, MSW, LSW, CCTP, OSW-C and reviewed by Kristen Fuller, MD.
November 5, 2020
Author: Kerry Heath, LPC-S, NCC, CEDS-S
Reviewer: Kristen Fuller, MD
Show more

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  • Body Image DefinitionBody Image Definition
  • CausesCauses
  • ImpactImpact
  • Positive Body ImagePositive Body Image
  • Negative Body ImageNegative Body Image
  • Related DisordersRelated Disorders
  • Get HelpGet Help
  • Body Image StatisticsBody Image Statistics
  • ConclusionConclusion
  • ResourcesResources
  • InfographicsInfographics
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