Can You Overdose on Marijuana (Weed)? Signs, Symptoms, & Treatment

Can You Overdose on Marijuana (Weed)?

It is crucial to understand the concept of marijuana dosage to determine the potential dangerous side effects, including overdose. The potency of marijuana varies significantly, and the dosage depends on the level of THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in the substance. This is the psychoactive compound in marijuana.

According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), a fatal overdose from marijuana alone has not been documented.¹ However, consuming extremely high doses of THC may lead to adverse effects such as extreme anxiety, panic attacks, and hallucinations. A study published in JAMA International found that THC doses above 30 milligrams can result in increased risks of these kinds of adverse psychological effects.²

Symptoms of a Weed Overdose

When someone has taken too much marijuana, they may experience physical and psychological effects that can indicate an excessive dose. Physically, they may exhibit symptoms such as rapid heart rate, dizziness, coordination difficulties, bloodshot eyes, or intense hunger. Psychologically, they may feel extreme anxiety, paranoia, confusion, panic, or even visual or auditory hallucinations. The symptoms can vary depending on the individual, the potency of the marijuana, and their tolerance level.

Symptoms of a weed overdose include:

• Extreme anxiety
• Racing pulse
• Paranoia
• Hallucinations
• Panic attacks
• Impaired coordination and motor skills
• Increased heart rate
• Dry mouth and throat
• Red eyes
• Distorted perception of time

Can Marijuana Kill You?

No reported cases of fatal overdose solely attributed to marijuana exist as of this date.¹ Nonetheless, while it is highly unlikely to die from a marijuana overdose alone, there are situations where taking marijuana can be potentially life-threatening.

The primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, THC, affects the brain and central nervous system which leads to impairment of cognitive and motor skills, making those who use it more susceptible to accidents and injuries while under the influence. Additionally, marijuana use can exacerbate existing health conditions, such as cardiovascular problems, and may lead to adverse interactions with other medications. It is essential to be cautious when using marijuana, especially in combination with other substances or when engaging in activities that require attention and coordination.

Signs of potentially life-threatening symptoms after using marijuana may include severe chest pain, difficulty breathing, or a rapid and irregular heartbeat. If these symptoms occur, immediate medical attention should be sought.

How Does Marijuana Affect the Body?

When marijuana is consumed, THC enters the bloodstream and binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain. This binding leads to the activation of reward pathways and the release of dopamine, contributing to the pleasurable euphoric sensations commonly associated with marijuana use.³

Chronic marijuana use may contribute to cognitive impairments, cardiovascular effects, and respiratory concerns. If chronic marijuana use begins at a young age, it may result in long-lasting cognitive deficits and a potential impact on educational attainment and occupational performance. Those with underlying cardiovascular conditions may be at higher risk due to the increased heart rate and rise in blood pressure caused by the use. The respiratory system can be affected by marijuana smoke, which contains similar toxins and carcinogenic compounds as tobacco smoke. Bronchitis and an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may result from chronic use.³

THC Vs. CBD

THC and CBD are two primary compounds found in marijuana, each with distinct properties. THC is responsible for the psychoactive effects of marijuana, while CBD is non-intoxicating and is associated with potential therapeutic benefits. THC is typically consumed by smoking or vaping dried marijuana flowers, while CBD is now readily available in various forms, including oils, edibles, and topicals. THC has a higher likelihood of leading to psychoactive effects and adverse reactions, especially in high doses. CBD, on the other hand, is generally well-tolerated, with few reported adverse effects.

One thing to keep in mind is that many over the counter CBD products still contain slight traces of THC. It is encouraged to review nutritional information or ingredient lists prior to use.

Smoking Vs. Edibles

Smoking marijuana involves inhaling the smoke produced by burning dried marijuana flowers, resulting in rapid absorption of THC into the bloodstream through the lungs. Effects are typically felt within minutes, but they tend to dissipate more quickly, usually lasting a few hours. In contrast, “edibles” are THC-infused food or beverages, which are digested and absorbed more slowly through the gastrointestinal tract. The onset of effects of edibles can take 30 minutes to 2 hours, with peak effects reached within 2-4 hours.⁴ The duration of the effects from edibles is typically longer, lasting up to 8 hours or more.

Smoking marijuana has a faster onset and is considered more potent, while edibles provide a more prolonged and intense high.⁴ Both methods carry their own risks, and individual preferences and circumstances should be considered when choosing a consumption method. To date, neither smoking nor edibles have been identified as inherently more addictive than the other.

What Is a Bad Reaction to Marijuana?

A bad reaction to marijuana refers to an adverse response or experience that an individual may have after using the drug. It can manifest as physical and psychological symptoms that are unpleasant and distressing. A bad reaction is different from an overdose, as an overdose typically refers to the consumption of an excessive amount of marijuana or its psychoactive compounds, leading to severe physiological effects. Symptoms of a bad reaction to marijuana can overlap with those of an overdose, making it difficult to differentiate between the two based on symptoms alone.

A bad reaction to marijuana is more common than an overdose. While an overdose is relatively rare, especially when it comes to marijuana alone, a bad reaction can occur more frequently, particularly in individuals who are more sensitive or have pre-existing mental health conditions.

Symptoms of a bad reaction to weed include:

• Dry or “cotton”-mouth
• Headaches
• Confusion
• Anxiety
• Paranoia or intense fear
• Panic attacks
• Nausea or vomiting
• Disorientation
• Rapid heart rate
• Elevated blood pressure
• Excessive sweating
• Impaired coordination
• Increased agitation or irritability

Studies have indicated a link between cannabis consumption and a heightened likelihood of earlier onset of psychotic disorders, particularly in individuals with additional risk factors like a family history of such conditions.⁵ Furthermore, cannabis intoxication has the potential to induce temporary psychotic episodes, particularly when consumed in high doses. It is worth noting that experiencing such episodes may be associated with an increased risk of developing a long-term psychotic disorder later on.⁵

How to Handle a Bad Reaction to Marijuana

When experiencing a bad reaction to marijuana, it is important to note that it usually does not require emergency medical assistance. However, if there is any doubt or the symptoms are severe, it is best to seek professional help or contact a healthcare provider. For less severe cases, there are several strategies that individuals can employ to help reduce the unpleasant side effects of a bad reaction.

You can reduce the unpleasant side effects of a bad reaction to marijuana by:

• Relaxing: Engaging in relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or progressive muscle relaxation can help calm the mind and body, reducing anxiety and discomfort.
• Staying hydrated: Drinking water or clear fluids can help alleviate symptoms like dry mouth.
• Create a soothing environment: Finding a comfortable and quiet space can contribute to a sense of safety and relaxation. Dimming the lights, playing calming music, or using aromatherapy with scents like lavender can also promote a more soothing environment.
• Distracting yourself: Engaging in activities that divert your attention away from the unpleasant symptoms can be helpful. This may include watching a movie, listening to music, or participating in a hobby or activity that you find enjoyable and absorbing.
• Reaching out to a supportive friend: Talking to a trusted friend or loved one can provide emotional support and reassurance during a bad reaction. They can offer comfort, distract you from negative thoughts, and provide a sense of stability.
• Practicing self-care: Taking care of yourself physically and mentally can make a difference. Engaging in activities like taking a warm bath, eating a nutritious meal, or getting some exercise can promote feelings of well-being and help the body recover.
• Seeking professional help if needed: If the symptoms persist or become overwhelming, it is advisable to seek help from a healthcare professional or substance use disorder specialist who can provide guidance, assessment, and appropriate treatment options.

Risk Factors for Marijuana Overdose

The risk of taking too much marijuana can vary depending on several factors. Individuals who are new to using marijuana or have a low tolerance may be at a higher risk of overdose. Additionally, individuals who consume marijuana in concentrated forms, such as edibles or extracts with high THC levels, are more susceptible to overdosing. Co-occurring substance use disorders, especially polydrug abuse involving marijuana and other substances, can significantly increase the risk of overdose. Polydrug abuse can lead to synergistic effects and unpredictable reactions, intensifying the potential for adverse outcomes, including overdose.

Preventing a Marijuana Overdose

To ensure they don’t overdose on marijuana, individuals can take several precautions. It’s important to start with a low dose and gradually increase if needed, allowing time to gauge the effects before consuming more. Understanding the potency of the marijuana product being used and being aware of the THC content can also help in managing dosage. Avoiding simultaneous use of other substances and medications, particularly those that can interact with marijuana and amplify its effects, is crucial. Seeking information and guidance from healthcare professionals or substance abuse counselors can provide valuable insights into safe marijuana use practices and harm reduction strategies.

When to Seek Help

Seeking help for marijuana use is essential when it begins to interfere with daily functioning, relationships, or overall well-being. Although becoming addicted to marijuana is less common compared to other substances, it is possible to develop a psychological dependence on marijuana, characterized by cravings, difficulty controlling use, and experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation.

Marijuana users should remain cautious of both the possibilities of addiction and dependence. Addiction refers to a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior despite negative consequences. Dependence can be both physical and psychological, with physical dependence involving the body’s adaptation to the presence of the drug and psychological dependence relating to the emotional and mental reliance on marijuana.

If someone is struggling to quit or reduce marijuana use despite negative impacts on their life, seeking professional help from addiction specialists or treatment programs can provide support, guidance, and resources for recovery.

Therapy Treatments for Marijuana Addiction

Seeking treatment for marijuana addiction is important after experiencing an overdose or recognizing dependence on weed. Treatment for marijuana addiction typically involves a comprehensive approach that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction. The likelihood of success in recovering from dependence on weed depends on various factors, such as the individual’s motivation, willingness to change, and the effectiveness of the chosen treatment approach.

To seek treatment, individuals can start by reaching out to a substance use disorder specialist or addiction counselor. These professionals are trained to provide support, guidance, and evidence-based treatment options for marijuana addiction. Online therapy options can also be explored to find a substance use disorder specialist. Lists of qualified professionals who specialize in addiction treatment may also be accessed via an online therapy directory.

Therapy is an effective treatment in managing addictive tendencies, including options like:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT focuses on identifying and modifying negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with addiction. It helps individuals develop healthier coping strategies, problem-solving skills, and relapse prevention techniques.
• Exposure Therapy: Exposure therapy involves gradually exposing individuals to triggers or situations associated with marijuana use in a safe and controlled environment. The goal is to reduce anxiety and cravings while learning healthier ways to cope with triggers.
• Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): DBT combines elements of CBT with mindfulness practices. It helps individuals regulate their emotions, improve interpersonal skills, and develop distress tolerance techniques to prevent relapse.
• Motivational interviewing: Motivational interviewing therapy approach aims to enhance an individual’s motivation to change their addictive behavior. It involves exploring and resolving ambivalence about quitting marijuana use, setting goals, and building self-efficacy.
• Family therapy: Involving family members in the treatment process can be beneficial, as family therapy addresses family dynamics, communication patterns, and provides support for the individual seeking treatment.
• Group therapy: Participating in group therapy allows individuals to connect with others who are going through similar challenges. It provides a supportive environment for sharing experiences, gaining insight, and building a sense of community.
• Contingency management: This approach utilizes positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from marijuana use. It involves providing rewards or incentives for achieving treatment goals and negative consequences for relapse.

In My Experience

Since marijuana has become legal in most states, its use has become more accepted; however, it doesn’t come without risk. Addiction and dependence on marijuana is still possible. When marijuana use becomes prioritized over family time, school, work obligations, social engagements, etc., it begins to lean towards becoming an “addiction.” When use becomes more frequent, tolerance increases, which leads to a physiological dependence on the substance. One thing I always remind my clients is that although alcohol is legal, it can still be addictive and people may need to seek treatment for it. Similarly but less commonly known, people have been seeking treatment for marijuana addiction and dependence for many years now.

Marijuana is also commonly known as a gateway drug, meaning that it precedes use of other substances. If someone becomes comfortable using marijuana, they are more likely to experiment with other drugs and may eventually become addicted. Although it is very much underreported, marijuana may also be “laced” with other substances, meaning it may not be pure. Some substances that may be found in marijuana include lead or other heavy metals, glass, embalming fluid, PCP, LSD, ketamine, cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, etc. Most users would not be aware if the marijuana they received contains traces of any of these substances, and may use it without caution.

For all these reasons, I strongly recommend not underestimating the potential effects of marijuana despite its new legality.