15 Facts About Bipolar Disorder

What Is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by intense mood swings. These mood swings include manic episodes, characterized by elevated energy and risky behavior, and depressive episodes, marked by sadness and low energy. There are different types of bipolar disorder, including bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic Disorder, each with different degrees of mood fluctuations.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder and their severity can vary among individuals and types.

One study found that women with bipolar disorder tend to experience a higher frequency of rapid cycling, depressive episodes, and suicide attempts.¹ This highlights the severity of the condition in women and underscores the importance of early intervention.

15 Facts About Bipolar Disorder

Understanding lesser-known aspects of bipolar disorder can benefit the loved ones of those affected and even the general public. Increased awareness of nuances with the disorder can help reduce mental health stigma and foster a more empathetic and informed community, ultimately improving support for those affected by the condition.

Here are fifteen facts about bipolar disorder:

1. Depressive Episodes Can Resemble Typical Depression

Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder share similarities with traditional depression symptoms but come with unique distinctions. During these episodes, individuals experience intense sadness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, and changes in sleep and appetite. These symptoms can closely resemble those seen in major depressive disorder.

While depressive episodes may look similar, what sets bipolar disorder apart from depression is its cyclic nature. Bipolar cycles alternate with manic or hypomanic episodes, which bring elevated mood and increased energy. This cycling between highs and lows distinguishes bipolar disorder from unipolar depression.

Signs and symptoms of a bipolar depressive episode include:²

• Low energy levels
• Decreased enjoyment in activities
• Persistent sadness
• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
• Appetite changes (eating more or eating less)
• Feelings of worthlessness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Physical symptoms (i.e., aches, pains, digestive issues)
• Social withdrawal
• Suicidal thoughts

2. Mania Is Different Than Having “High Energy”

Symptoms of bipolar mania significantly impact a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. During a manic episode, individuals often experience a racing mind, heightened self-esteem, and delusions of grandeur. They may engage in risky behaviors, such as excessive spending, reckless driving, or impulsive decisions, without fully considering the consequences. These manic symptoms can be intense and disruptive, impairing one’s judgment, relationships, and daily functioning.²

The key difference between mania and a typical burst of energy lies in the duration, intensity, and unpredictability of manic episodes. While many people may have moments of increased energy, mania is characterized by an extended period of heightened and often erratic activity that can lead to severe consequences, including financial ruin, strained relationships, and legal issues.

Signs and symptoms of a bipolar mania episode include:²

• Impulsivity
• Risky behavior
• Elevated mood
• Flight of ideas
• Increase energy
• Pressured speech
• Grandiosity
• Distractibility
• Overactivity
• Irritability

3. Mania & Depression Can Happen at the Same Time

When mania and depression occur simultaneously, it’s referred to as a mixed episode or dysphoric mania. In this complex state, individuals experience restlessness, impulsivity, and racing thoughts of mania alongside the sadness, hopelessness, and fatigue of depression. This combination can be extremely distressing, as the individual may feel overwhelmed by conflicting emotions and impulses.

Mixed episodes can be particularly dangerous, as the intense energy and impulsivity of mania can lead to risky behaviors. At the same time, the depressive symptoms can include suicidal thoughts or self-harming tendencies. The overlap of these contrasting states can make it challenging for individuals and healthcare professionals to manage and require immediate attention to prevent harm.

4. People Can Have Different Types of Bipolar

Understanding these types is crucial for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment, as each variant presents challenges and considerations. Whether it’s the intense highs of Bipolar I or the subtler yet impactful hypomanic states of Bipolar II, recognizing the differences between bipolar I and bipolar II is essential for effective management and support.

The types of bipolar disorder include:²

• Bipolar I disorder: This is characterized by manic episodes that last for at least seven days or are so severe that hospitalization may be necessary. Depressive episodes often accompany these manic episodes, but not necessarily. Bipolar I involves full-blown manic episodes, making it more intense and potentially disruptive.
• Bipolar II disorder: In contrast, Bipolar II features milder manic episodes called hypomania, which last for at least four days. Individuals with Bipolar II experience more frequent depressive episodes. While hypomania is less severe than full mania, it can still lead to impulsive decisions and disruptions in daily life.
• Cyclothymic disorder: Unlike the distinct manic and depressive episodes seen in Bipolar I and Bipolar II, Cyclothymia involves periods of hypomania and mild depression that persist for at least two years (one year in children and adolescents).
• Bipolar disorder, other specified: This category is used when an individual’s symptoms exhibit characteristics of bipolar disorder but do not meet the specific criteria for any of the defined subtypes. It may include atypical symptom patterns, unique variations in episode duration, or other factors that deviate from the standard diagnostic criteria.
• Bipolar disorder, unspecified:  A diagnosis of unspecified bipolar disorder is used when the symptoms suggest a bipolar presentation, but the specific subtype cannot be determined, or the information available is insufficient for a precise diagnosis. This category is sometimes used when a person’s symptoms do not fit neatly into any of the established bipolar classifications.

5. Bipolar Disorder Is Often Misdiagnosed

Clinicians may often misdiagnose bipolar disorder due to several factors. The most common misdiagnosis is major depressive disorder, primarily because individuals typically seek help during depressive episodes, while manic or hypomanic episodes may go unnoticed or unrecognized. This frequent misdiagnosis occurs because the symptoms of bipolar depression can closely resemble those of unipolar depression, making it challenging to differentiate between the two.

Certain populations, such as adolescents and young adults, may be at a higher risk of receiving a misdiagnosis. The subtler and less severe nature of hypomanic episodes in Bipolar II can contribute to underdiagnosis, especially in younger individuals, as the symptoms may be mistaken for typical mood swings or teenage behavior. A misdiagnosis can impede treatment by leading to inappropriate medications, such as antidepressants without mood stabilizers, which can potentially worsen manic episodes.

6. Bipolar Disorder Can Have Physical Signs & Symptoms

Bipolar disorder is not confined to mood-related symptoms; it can also have significant physical presentations. Manic episodes can result in a flurry of activity, such as speaking rapidly and engaging in erratic tasks that might not be goal-directed. Conversely, during depressive episodes in bipolar disorder, individuals often struggle with severe fatigue and low energy levels.

Physical aches and pains are also frequently reported during depressive episodes. These can range from headaches and muscle tension to gastrointestinal discomfort. These physical symptoms often compound the emotional distress, making it even more challenging for individuals with bipolar disorder to function normally in their daily lives.

7. Creativity Is Common in People With Bipolar Disorder

While having bipolar disorder doesn’t guarantee creative genius, there is a notable correlation between the two.³ During manic episodes, individuals often feel a surge of energy, increased motivation, and heightened self-confidence. These feelings can boost creative productivity as ideas flow more freely, and individuals may be more willing to take risks in their creative endeavors. Artists, writers, and musicians may find their work more dynamic, innovative, and expressive during these manic phases.

However, it is important to note that the relationship between creativity and bipolar disorder is complex and not fully understood. Additionally, the downside of this heightened creativity during mania can sometimes be a lack of focus, impulsivity, and the risk of producing chaotic or unfinished work. While creativity can be a gift, it must be balanced with effective management and treatment of bipolar disorder to ensure the individual’s mental health and overall quality of life.

8. Comorbid Conditions Are Common for Bipolar Disorder

Comorbid conditions, or the simultaneous presence of two or more different disorders, are relatively common in individuals with bipolar disorder. One of the most frequently co-occurring conditions with bipolar disorder is anxiety disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or social anxiety disorder. The intense mood swings and uncertainty associated with bipolar disorder can exacerbate anxiety symptoms, leading to heightened levels of worry, restlessness, and fear.

Addiction and bipolar disorder are also often co-occurring, as some individuals may turn to drugs or alcohol in an attempt to self-medicate or alleviate the distressing symptoms of bipolar disorder. Unfortunately, substance abuse can worsen bipolar symptoms, disrupt medication effectiveness, and increase the risk of more severe mood episodes. Treating both conditions simultaneously typically involves addiction treatment programs, counseling, and support groups to address substance use while managing bipolar symptoms with appropriate medications and therapy.

9. There Is a Hereditary Risk for Bipolar Disorder

When a family member has bipolar disorder, it increases the likelihood that other family members may inherit a genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder.⁴ However, it’s important to understand that having a family history of bipolar disorder doesn’t guarantee that an individual will develop the disorder themselves. While genetics can increase the risk, other environmental factors, such as stress, trauma, and substance abuse, also play a role in triggering the disorder.

The degree of genetic risk can vary among families, and the condition may not develop in every generation. Additionally, the specific genes involved in bipolar disorder are not fully understood, making it challenging to predict who within a family might be more vulnerable. It’s important for individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder to be aware of their increased risk and to monitor their mental health closely.

10. Children & Teens Can Have Bipolar Disorder

While bipolar disorder is often associated with adults, there is a misconception that age is a barrier to its onset. This condition can indeed affect individuals of all age groups, including children and adolescents. One study found the average age of onset was 17.3 years of age, although signs and symptoms can present even earlier.⁵ Bipolar disorder in children and teenagers may present differently than in adults. Early diagnosis and intervention can lead to more effective treatment and better outcomes.

Bipolar disorder can be particularly disruptive during adolescence, having a lasting impact on academic performance, relationships, and overall well-being. Untreated bipolar disorder in children and adolescents can lead to serious consequences, including substance abuse, self-harm, and a higher risk of suicide. In children and adolescents, bipolar disorder may manifest as frequent mood swings, irritability, impulsivity, and academic or behavioral problems.

11. Bipolar Disorder Can Be Effectively Treated

Treatment, which often combines medications for bipolar disorder and psychotherapy, can significantly improve an individual’s quality of life. Mood stabilizers, like lithium, valproate, and lamotrigine, are commonly prescribed medications to help regulate mood swings and prevent both manic and depressive episodes. Antipsychotic medications, particularly atypical antipsychotics, can also be effective in managing symptoms during acute episodes. In some cases, antidepressants may be prescribed, but they are usually used cautiously and in combination with mood stabilizers to prevent triggering manic episodes.

There are also several therapeutic approaches that can be beneficial for individuals with bipolar disorder, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Tailoring treatment plans to individual needs and preferences, early intervention, medication adherence, and ongoing therapy are all vital components of successful bipolar disorder management.

12. Social Support Is Crucial for Individuals With Bipolar Disorder

The support network surrounding an individual with bipolar disorder can make a significant difference in the life of someone with bipolar disorder. It can contribute to improved treatment outcomes, better quality of life, and a more stable and fulfilling journey toward recovery. By fostering understanding, empathy, and open communication, families and friends can create a nurturing environment that helps individuals with bipolar disorder thrive despite the challenges they face.

Types of social support for someone with bipolar disorder can include:

• Emotional support: The emotional support of family and friends can provide comfort, understanding, and a sense of belonging for individuals during these difficult times. Knowing that they have a network of people who care about their well-being can be immensely reassuring for those with bipolar disorder.
• Education and understanding: Bipolar disorder can be confusing and frightening, both for the person with the condition and their loved ones. Psychoeducation is a powerful tool for dispelling misconceptions and reducing stigma. By learning about bipolar disorder, friends and family can gain a deeper understanding of the symptoms, triggers, and treatment options.
• Crisis intervention: In some instances, individuals with bipolar disorder may experience severe mood episodes that require immediate attention. Family members and friends can help by recognizing the signs of a crisis and assisting in getting the individual to appropriate medical care or crisis intervention services.
• Peer and professional support: Encouraging participation in support groups and connecting with mental health professionals is another way loved ones can provide valuable support. Support groups offer a sense of community and shared experiences, while therapists and psychiatrists can provide essential guidance and treatment options.

13. Lifestyle Choices Matter in Managing Bipolar Disorder

Lifestyle choices play a role in managing bipolar disorder, as they can significantly impact mood stability and overall well-being. By incorporating healthier lifestyle choices into their daily lives, individuals with bipolar disorder can enhance their ability to manage symptoms, achieve greater stability, and improve their overall quality of life. Family and friends can also play a significant role by encouraging and supporting these healthy lifestyle choices.

Adequate and consistent sleep, regular exercise, a balanced diet, avoidance of substances, stress management, and routine can all be changes that are made to an individual’s lifestyle.  Strategies like practicing good sleep hygiene, yoga or jogging, nutrient-dense meals, and engaging in mindfulness can all contribute to the routine and stability needed to manage bipolar disorder symptoms.

14. Long-Term Management of Bipolar Disorder is Essential

Part of the diagnosis is understanding that there is no cure for bipolar disorder and it is a lifelong condition that will require treatment and support. Long-term care of the disorder emphasizes teaching individuals to recognize early warning signs of impending mood episodes. Over time, individuals may experience changes in their response to medication or develop tolerance, making this awareness even more critical.

Without ongoing treatment and monitoring, individuals with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of a return of mood symptoms, potentially more severe than before. Life events, transitions, and stressors can distract from engaging in treatment or even trigger mood episodes, highlighting the importance of personal and professional support. With the right long-term management plan in place, individuals can achieve stability, reduce the impact of mood episodes, and enjoy a better quality of life.

15. Stigma Surrounding Bipolar Disorder Still Exists

The stigma associated with bipolar disorder remains a significant challenge that can have far-reaching consequences for individuals living with the condition. This stigma may cause individuals to delay or avoid seeking necessary medical care, which can lead to more severe symptoms and complications. It can also cause individuals to withdraw from social interactions, fearing rejection or misunderstanding from others.

Individuals with bipolar disorder may be unfairly labeled as unpredictable, dangerous, or unreliable, which can hinder their personal and professional relationships. These unfair labels can negatively impact self-esteem and self-worth. Efforts to combat this stigma involve raising awareness, challenging stereotypes, and advocating for mental health equity. By challenging stigma, we can create a more compassionate society where individuals living with bipolar disorder can receive the support and understanding they need to lead fulfilling lives and effectively manage their condition.

When to Seek Professional Support for Bipolar Disorder

Treatment is important for bipolar disorder because it provides individuals with the skills and strategies needed to manage their condition effectively. Therapy and medications can help individuals recognize early warning signs of mood episodes, develop coping mechanisms, stabilize mood swings, and improve their overall quality of life. Someone should consider therapy when they are diagnosed with bipolar disorder, during periods of mood instability, or when they experience difficulty in daily functioning or relationships due to their condition.

Finding the right therapist involves seeking a mental health professional experienced in treating bipolar disorder, considering personal preferences for therapy style and approach, and ensuring a good therapeutic fit through open communication and collaboration.

An online therapist directory is a great way to search for therapists in your area who specialize in bipolar disorder. Consulting with a healthcare provider or mental health organization can also be a valuable starting point. Alternatively, an online therapy platform can provide you with therapists who work virtually and can provide you therapy from the comfort of your own home.