Skip to content
  • Mental Health Issues
    • Anxiety
    • ADHD
    • Bipolar Disorder
    • Depression
    • Grief
    • Narcissism
    • OCD
    • Personality Disorders
    • PTSD
  • Relationships
    • Dating
    • Marriage
    • Sex & Intimacy
    • Infidelity
    • Relationships 101
    • Best Online Couples Counseling Services
  • Wellness
    • Anger
    • Burnout
    • Stress
    • Sleep
    • Meditation
    • Mindfulness
    • Yoga
  • Therapy
    • Starting Therapy
    • Types of Therapy
    • Best Online Therapy Providers
    • Online Therapy Reviews & Guides
  • Medication
    • Anxiety Medication
    • Depression Medication
    • ADHD Medication
    • Best Online Psychiatrist Options
  • Reviews
    • Best Online Therapy
    • Best Online Therapy with Insurance
    • Best Online Therapy for Teens
    • Best Online Therapy for Anxiety
    • Best Online Therapy for Depression
    • Best Online ADHD Treatments
    • Best Online Psychiatry
    • Best Mental Health Apps
    • All Reviews
  • Therapy Worksheets
    • Anxiety Worksheets
    • Depression Worksheets
    • Relationship Worksheets
    • CBT Worksheets
    • Therapy Worksheets for Kids
    • Therapy Worksheets for Teens
    • All Therapy Worksheets
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Policy
    • Advertising Policy
    • Find a Local Therapist
    • Join Our Free Directory

Join our Newsletter

Get helpful tips and the latest information

Choosing Therapy on Facebook
Choosing Therapy on Instagram
Choosing Therapy on Twitter
Choosing Therapy on Linkedin
Choosing Therapy on Pinterest
Choosing Therapy on Tiktok
Choosing Therapy on Youtube
ChoosingTherapy.com Logo

Newsletter

Search Icon
  • Mental Health Issues
    • Anxiety
    • ADHD
    • Bipolar Disorder
    • Depression
    • Grief
    • Narcissism
    • OCD
    • Personality Disorders
    • PTSD
  • Relationships
    • Dating
    • Marriage
    • Sex & Intimacy
    • Infidelity
    • Relationships 101
    • Best Online Couples Counseling Services
  • Wellness
    • Anger
    • Burnout
    • Stress
    • Sleep
    • Meditation
    • Mindfulness
    • Yoga
  • Therapy
    • Starting Therapy
    • Types of Therapy
    • Best Online Therapy Providers
    • Online Therapy Reviews & Guides
  • Medication
    • Anxiety Medication
    • Depression Medication
    • ADHD Medication
    • Best Online Psychiatrist Options
  • Reviews
    • Best Online Therapy
    • Best Online Therapy with Insurance
    • Best Online Therapy for Teens
    • Best Online Therapy for Anxiety
    • Best Online Therapy for Depression
    • Best Online ADHD Treatments
    • Best Online Psychiatry
    • Best Mental Health Apps
    • All Reviews
  • Therapy Worksheets
    • Anxiety Worksheets
    • Depression Worksheets
    • Relationship Worksheets
    • CBT Worksheets
    • Therapy Worksheets for Kids
    • Therapy Worksheets for Teens
    • All Therapy Worksheets
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Policy
    • Advertising Policy
    • Find a Local Therapist
    • Join Our Free Directory
  • What Are Shrooms?What Are Shrooms?
  • Side EffectsSide Effects
  • Are They Addictive?Are They Addictive?
  • Potential ImpactsPotential Impacts
  • Can You Overdose?Can You Overdose?
  • Is There a Withdrawal?Is There a Withdrawal?
  • Risk FactorsRisk Factors
  • Addiction TreatmentAddiction Treatment
  • Therapeutic UsesTherapeutic Uses
  • In My ExperienceIn My Experience
  • InfographicsInfographics
  • Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources
Addiction Articles Addiction Best Sobriety Apps Addiction Recovery Apps

Psilocybin Mushroom Addiction: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatment

Headshot for John Cottone, PhD

Author: John Cottone, PhD

Headshot for John Cottone, PhD

John Cottone PhD

Dr. Cottone focuses on treating mood, anxiety, psychotic, and personality disorders in adults and adolescents. He integrates psychodynamic, family systems, and CBT with a special interest in meditation and Eastern philosophy.

See My Bio Editorial Policy
Rajy Abulhosn, MD

Medical Reviewer: Rajy Abulhosn, MD Licensed medical reviewer

Published: September 13, 2023
  • What Are Shrooms?What Are Shrooms?
  • Side EffectsSide Effects
  • Are They Addictive?Are They Addictive?
  • Potential ImpactsPotential Impacts
  • Can You Overdose?Can You Overdose?
  • Is There a Withdrawal?Is There a Withdrawal?
  • Risk FactorsRisk Factors
  • Addiction TreatmentAddiction Treatment
  • Therapeutic UsesTherapeutic Uses
  • In My ExperienceIn My Experience
  • InfographicsInfographics
  • Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources

In contrast to other drugs, psilocybin (magic mushrooms) has a low risk for addiction and has even shown efficacy in treating other addictions. While physical addiction to shrooms is unlikely, psychological dependence can build from the creative and blissful feelings of connection it induces.  However, tolerance builds quickly to psilocybin, limiting its potential for chemical dependence.

ADVERTISEMENT

Best Drug Addiction Rehab Centers

Recovery.com helps you find the best local detox or drug rehab center covered by your health insurance. Search by location, condition, insurance, and more. Read reviews.

Start your search

What Are Magic Mushrooms (Psilocybin)?

Magic mushrooms (a.k.a., shrooms) are naturally-occurring fungi whose primary compound, psilocybin, is converted into the mind-altering substance psilocin after ingestion.1 Psilocybin is a classic hallucinogen that has long been known to induce perceptual alterations that can be mind-expanding but also disorienting.

As a classic psychedelic alongside LSD, mescaline (peyote), and DMT (ayahuasca), psilocybin is a serotonin 2A receptor agonist.2 Unlike other dissociative drugs, like PCP (which is addictive), these classic psychedelics are not considered addictive since discontinuing use does not seem to lead to craving and drug-seeking behavior for most people.2, 3, 4, 5, 6 As such, psilocybin has recently received much attention for its potential medicinal and psychotherapeutic use via psilocybin therapy.

Though people take magic mushrooms with different goals in mind, the main effect is a series of alterations in mood, sensory perception, and psychological perspective, along with a dissociative trance state leading to the separation of a person from their ego. Indeed, researchers believe that the therapeutic effects of psilocybin and other psychedelics are largely absent when this dissociative trance is not achieved.8

Psilocybin mushrooms are commonly referred to as:7

  • Shrooms
  • Hallucinogenic mushrooms
  • Magic mushrooms
  • Psychedelic mushrooms
  • Mush
  • Penis Envy
  • Silly putty
  • Simple Simon
  • Sacred mushroom
  • Boomers
  • Musk
  • God’s flesh
  • Hombrecitos
  • Las mujercitas
  • Flower flipping (combined with MDMA)
  • Hippieflip (combined with MDMA)

Are Magic Mushrooms Legal?

Since 1970, psilocybin has been classified as a Schedule I drug with other drugs, like heroin, that are deemed to have no recognized medicinal uses and a high potential for abuse. Legally, however, things began to change in 2018 when the FDA granted breakthrough therapy status to psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Since 2020, the entire states of Oregon and Colorado have decriminalized psilocybin, and Washington, California, Michigan, and Massachusetts have cities or municipalities that have decriminalized it.

Side Effects of Magic Mushrooms

The side effects of shrooms, positive and negative, vary between individuals. The same specimen and dose can invoke euphoria in one person and distress in another. While side effects of psilocybin itself tend to be less life-threatening than other more addictive drugs like opioids, each person should be aware of what contraindications they are bringing into the experience and speak with a healthcare professional in advance about whether it is safe to use.

Positive effects associated with the use of magic mushrooms:

  • Feelings of euphoria
  • Altered thoughts
  • Seeing issues from a different perspective
  • Synethesia (blending of senses like tasting colors or seeing sounds)
  • Improved cognition
  • Reduced suicidality
  • Reduced anxiety
  • Spiritual connectedness
  • Relief of existential distress
  • Mystical feelings
  • A cutting of the cord between one’s thoughts and emotions
  • Altered perception of space and time
  • Dissociation
  • Dilated pupils
  • Anti-inflammatory effects

Negative effects associated with the use of magic mushrooms:

  • Nausea
  • Transient hypertension
  • Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
  • Mild headache
  • Physical discomfort
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle weakness
  • Vomiting
  • Hallucinations, sometimes leading to hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)
  • Nervousness
  • Anxiety
  • Confusion
  • Paranoia
  • Intense fear
  • Mental discomfort
  • Prolonged psychosis

ADVERTISEMENT

Best Drug Addiction Rehab Centers

Recovery.com helps you find the best local detox or drug rehab center covered by your health insurance. Search by location, condition, insurance, and more. Read reviews.

Start your search

How Addictive Are Shrooms?

In contrast to other hallucinogens, like PCP (and, to a lesser degree, LSD, ketamine, and mescaline), psilocybin is not considered physically addictive. On the contrary, research suggests that psilocybin can be beneficial in treating other addictions (e.g., nicotine and alcohol).

However, though psilocybin may not be physically addictive, the pleasant dissociative state it induces can cause psychological dependence, similar to other chemically benign pleasurable things, like chocolate. Tolerance often develops quickly to magic mushrooms but, similar to marijuana misuse, withdrawal and chemical dependence are extraordinarily rare.

Psilocybin Addiction Statistics

Addiction to psilocybin is extremely low. The 2021 National Survey on Drug Use estimated that 2.6% of people in the U.S. (12+ years old) have used hallucinogens in the past year, but only 0.2% have been diagnosed with hallucinogen use disorder, and LSD, PCP, and Ecstasy are responsible for the majority of that estimate.9

Psychedelic use is highest among adults aged 18-25 (7.1%) and multiracial individuals (5.5%) as compared to White (2.9%), LatinX (2.4%), Black (1.7%) or Asian (1.4%) people.9 Psilocybin use comprises only a small fraction of these estimates.

Impacts of Shroom Misuse

Unlike other hallucinogens like PCP, isolated psilocybin use is fairly safe for most people and usually has a positive or no impact on daily life and functioning.2 One exception, however, is for individuals who have or are at risk for, a psychotic disorder, as psilocybin can trigger a psychotic episode.

Misuse can also occur when a person is unaware that a delay of 20-40 minutes precedes the desired effect and impatiently ingests more, resulting in a higher dose that is more likely to lead to negative effects. Alternatively, if a person underestimates how high they are, they can cause physical injury because psilocybin impairs one’s judgment and perception (e.g., driving or using machinery while under the influence).

Fatal intoxication from shrooms is rare but is usually due to combined use with other drugs, most notably mixing psilocybin with alcohol, which intensifies both the psychotropic and adverse effects. When not combined with other substances, the lethal dose of shrooms is very high. Based on animal studies, a lethal human dose is projected to require 17kg of fresh mushrooms.10

Shrooms misuse may lead to:

  • Feeling anxious and/or experiencing panic attacks
  • Flashbacks to prior psychedelic experiences, which can occur days to years after ingestion without having taken more of the substance.
  • Unintentional ingestion of other substances laced into product (more common with powder forms of psilocybin)
  • Ingesting a misidentified mushroom species, which can lead to accidental poisoning, which is potentially fatal.
  • Side effects from phenylethylamine, a compound found in shrooms that is functionally similar to amphetamines and can cause cardiovascular effects like tachycardia, nausea, and anxiety.10
  • Sleep problems for 12 hours after use
  • A gateway drug to other more addictive or harmful drugs

Can You Overdose on Shrooms?

Overdosing on shrooms is extremely rare, and too high a dose will trigger vomiting to rid the body of the substance. When psilocybin use does lead to harm, it is usually when combined with alcohol use, ingested by someone with a psychotic disorder (e.g., schizophrenia), and/or taken in an unsafe environment (e.g., open window to fly out of).9, 10

Someone should seek immediate medical attention if they show signs of a shroom overdose, such as:

  • Panic attacks
  • Paranoia
  • Hallucinations that persist beyond intoxication
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Cardiac symptoms
  • Respiratory symptoms
  • Excessive vomiting

Psilocybin Shroom Withdrawal

Psilocybin use does not lead to dependence or withdrawal. However, the experience may extend beyond the trip, sometimes in good ways and others in undesirable ways. An estimated 9% of psychedelic users (slightly lower for psilocybin) will have a distressing experience leading to functional impairment lasting more than a day.11 As psilocybin affects serotonin levels, it can lead to mild sleep changes (REM and slow-wave sleep suppression) for one night after ingestion.12

ADVERTISEMENT

Best Drug Addiction Rehab Centers

Recovery.com helps you find the best local detox or drug rehab center covered by your health insurance. Search by location, condition, insurance, and more. Read reviews.

Start your search

Risk Factors Leading to Magic Mushroom Addiction

Although psilocybin has an extremely low potential for chemical dependence, psychological addiction is nonetheless possible with psilocybin, as it is with virtually anything pleasurable, like video games, masturbation, and even chocolate. As such, the risk factors for psychological addiction to psilocybin are consistent with any other psychological addiction (e.g., gambling addiction).

Risk factors contributing to shroom misuse include:

  • Genetics: There are genetic factors that put some people at greater risk for addiction. These individuals often have a dysregulated neural reward system and neurotransmitter levels that render them more susceptible to addiction.13, 14
  • Young age: The developing brain of a teen is particularly susceptible to the effects of psychotropic drugs, which theoretically could be helpful or harmful. The long-term effects of psilocybin in children have not been adequately studied to determine its efficacy and safety for this age group. But teen drug abuse is always something to be aware of.
  • Trauma: Individuals who have experienced trauma may seek relief through dissociative experiences.
  • Environment: Greater availability and easy access within a person’s household or social circles increases the likelihood of frequent use.
  • Co-use with other substances: A study examining polydrug use in college students found that 66% of psilocybin users simultaneously used alcohol, 83% co-used cannabis, and 62% co-used tobacco.15 While cross-addiction of these substances with psilocybin is unlikely, co-use can increase the intensity and side effects of psilocybin.16, 17, 18
  • Mental health symptoms: Individuals with severe depression may be more susceptible to overusing psilocybin for the temporary blissful, connected state it induces; however, they are also the most likely to be successfully treated by it.
  • Stress: Those with chronic stress can overuse mushrooms, not being mindful of, or caring about their usage patterns, as they may look to “check out” their stressful life patterns.
  • Poverty: Indigence, while correlated with depression, can also be a condition from which people want to regularly “drop out” and, thus, overuse psilocybin.

Treatment for Polydrug Addiction and Shroom Misuse

While shrooms themselves are not addictive, they are often used recreationally in conjunction with other drugs of misuse that are addictive. Magic mushrooms are not usually ‘craved,’ as they lack addictive qualities. However, for individuals who struggle with polysubstance abuse, any drug-related item (e.g., a mushroom) can serve as a cue to trigger craving and relapse.

If you’re concerned about a loved one’s substance use, including shrooms, there are effective ways to get them help. You can help them find a therapist by using an online therapist directory, where you can search for therapists in your area who specialize in polysubstance abuse. Addiction recovery apps are a great add-on to therapy that can help quicken and sustain an individual’s recovery process.

Therapeutic Uses for Psilocybin

Psilocybin is becoming increasingly popular as a psychedelic therapy for treating mental health conditions (e.g., using psilocybin for anxiety, depression, or substance misuse).19 As its legality for use in medical settings gradually shifts across the United States, the public attitude towards this alternative treatment is also becoming more favorable.

Psilocybin itself may actually help resolve addiction to other substances like nicotine or alcohol.  While some people might attempt to microdose on their own as a way of self-medicating, it’s recommended that such interventions should be done under medical supervision in a controlled setting. Recovery from other addictions will likely require concurrent psychotherapy and other support services.

When used to treat mental health disorders and/or addiction, psilocybin is done at a dosing of weekly to every two to three weeks. This dosing is similar to other hallucinogen treatments, such as ketamine for depression. It contrasts with antidepressants or other psych medication, which are taken daily or multiple times per day)

In My Experience

While psilocybin mushrooms may not have the same potential for overdose or chemical dependence as other hallucinogenics or hard drugs, they hold the same potential as any other pleasurable activity for psychological addiction.  As such, it is important to stay mindful and even check in with friends and family members about whether you are overusing shrooms or using them in unhealthy ways – e.g., to avoid important responsibilities or confronting important issues.

Individuals with preexisting psychiatric disorders – especially psychotic disorders, but also depression and bipolar disorder – should be especially careful not to misuse/overuse psilocybin, as they may be more susceptible to a panoply of unintended consequences, like psychosis and psychological addiction.

Psilocybin Mushroom Addiction Infographics

How Are Addictive Shrooms  Can You Overdose on Shrooms  Treatment for Polydrug Addiction and Shrooms Misuse

Additional Resources

To help our readers take the next step in their mental health journey, ChoosingTherapy.com has partnered with leaders in mental health and wellness. ChoosingTherapy.com is compensated for marketing by the companies included below.

Online Treatment for Opioids or Alcohol, Including Medication.

Workit Health – Modern, personalized recovery that combines medication, a supportive community, and helpful content. Covered by many insurance plans. Currently available in FL, TX, OH, MI, and NJ. Visit Workit Health

Alcohol Treatment – Cut Back or Quit Entirely

Ria Health – Quickly change your relationship to alcohol with our at-home program. On average, members reduce their BAC levels by 50% in 3 months in the program. Services are covered by many major health plans. Visit Ria Health

Drug Addiction Rehab Centers

Recovery.com – Find the best local detox or drug rehab center covered by your health insurance. Search by location, condition, insurance, and more. Read reviews. Start your search

Telehealth Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder

Bicycle Health – offers therapy, support, and medication for addiction treatment (MAT).  MAT offers the lowest relapse rates for opioid use disorder, helping people to stop using opioids with minimal physical discomfort. Covered by most major insurance. Visit Bicycle Health

Drinking Moderation

Sunnyside – Want to drink less? Sunnyside helps you ease into mindful drinking at your own pace. Think lifestyle change, not a fad diet. Develop new daily routines, so you maintain your new habits for life. Take a 3 Minute Quiz

For Further Reading

  • Clinical Trials Database
  • How to Change Your Mind by Michael Pollan
  • TEDMED Talk on the Science of Psilocybin
  • How Long Do Shrooms Last?

Best Online Medication-Assisted Treatment Programs

Best Online Medication-Assisted Treatment Programs

Online medication-assisted treatment programs are fairly new to the telehealth industry, but existing companies are expanding quickly with new programs emerging every day. It’s important to explore your options and understand the level of virtual care available so you can choose the best addiction treatment program for you.

Read More

Best Mindful Drinking Apps

Best Mindful Drinking Apps

If you’re thinking about joining the sober curious movement and you’d like to cut back on drinking, mindful drinking apps are a great place to start. Practicing mindful drinking can take some time, attention, and patience, but with the help of the right app, you can completely transform your relationship with alcohol.

Read More

Find a therapist in your state

Get the help you need from a therapist near you

City or zip Search

California
Connecticut
Colorado
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Texas
Virginia

Are you a Therapist? Get Listed Today

Addiction Newsletter

A free newsletter for those impacted by addiction. Get helpful tips and the latest information.

Sources

ChoosingTherapy.com strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.

  • MacCallum, C. A., Lo, L. A., Pistawka, C. A., & Deol, J. K. (2022). Therapeutic use of psilocybin: Practical considerations for dosing and administration. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1040217.

  • Jones, G., Herrmann, F., & Wang, E. (2023). Associations between individual hallucinogens and hallucinogen misuse among US adults who recently initiated hallucinogen use. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 100513.

  • Stone, A. L., O’Brien, M. S., De La Torre, A., & Anthony, J. C. (2007). Who is becoming hallucinogen dependent soon after hallucinogen use starts?. Drug and alcohol dependence, 87(2-3), 153-163.

  • Bey, T., & Patel, A. (2007). Phencyclidine intoxication and adverse effects: a clinical and pharmacological review of an illicit drug. The California journal of emergency medicine, 8(1), 9.

  • Journey, J. D., & Bentley, T. P. (2018). Phencyclidine toxicity.

  • Hallucinogens – National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Available at: https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/drugfacts-hallucinogens.pdf (Accessed: 22 August 2023).

  • Psilocybin fast facts. (n.d.). https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs6/6038/index.htm

  • Dore, J., Turnipseed, B., Dwyer, S., Turnipseed, A., Andries, J., Ascani, G., … & Wolfson, P. (2019). Ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP): patient demographics, clinical data and outcomes in three large practices administering ketamine with psychotherapy. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 51(2), 189-198.

  • Abuse, S. (2022). Mental Health Services Administration.(2021). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 national survey on drug use and health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www. samhsa. gov/data.

  • Van Amsterdam, J., Opperhuizen, A., & van den Brink, W. (2011). Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology, 59(3), 423-429.

  • Simonsson, O., Hendricks, P. S., Chambers, R., Osika, W., & Goldberg, S. B. (2023). Prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics. Journal of Affective Disorders, 326, 105-110.

  • Dudysová, D., & Janku, K. (2020). ˇSmotek M, Saifutdinova E, Kopˇrivová J, Buˇsková J, Mander BA, Brunovský M, Zach P, Kor ˇcák J, Andrashko V, Viktorinová M, Tylˇs F, Bravermanová A, Froese T, Pálení ˇcek T and Horá ˇcek J (2020) The Effects of Daytime Psilocybin Administration on Sleep: Implications for Antidepressant Action. Front. Pharmacol. 11: 602590. doi: 10.3389/fphar.

  • Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2011). Addiction: pulling at the neural threads of social behaviors. Neuron, 69(4), 599-602.

  • Hatoum, A. S., Johnson, E. C., Colbert, S. M., Polimanti, R., Zhou, H., Walters, R. K., … & Agrawal, A. (2022). The addiction risk factor: a unitary genetic vulnerability characterizes substance use disorders and their associations with common correlates. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(10), 1739-1745.

  • Barrett, S. P., Darredeau, C., & Pihl, R. O. (2006). Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 21(4), 255-263.

  • Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Cosimano, M. P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2014). Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Journal of psychopharmacology, 28(11), 983-992.

  • Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A., Wilcox, C. E., Barbosa, P. C., & Strassman, R. J. (2015). Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of psychopharmacology, 29(3), 289-299.

  • Bogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., … & Worth, L. (2022). Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 79(10), 953-962.

  • Matzopoulos, R., Morlock, R., Morlock, A., Lerer, B., & Lerer, L. (2022). Psychedelic mushrooms in the USA: Knowledge, patterns of use, and association with health outcomes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 780696.

     

Show more Click here to open the article sources container.

Your Voice Matters

Can't find what you're looking for?

Request an article! Tell ChoosingTherapy.com’s editorial team what questions you have about mental health, emotional wellness, relationships, and parenting. Our licensed therapists are just waiting to cover new topics you care about!

Request an Article

Leave your feedback for our editors.

Share your feedback on this article with our editors. If there’s something we missed or something we could improve on, we’d love to hear it.

Our writers and editors love compliments, too. :)

Leave Feedback
ChoosingTherapy.com Logo White
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Write for Us
  • Careers
  • Editorial Policy
  • Advertising Policy
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service

FOR IMMEDIATE HELP CALL:

Medical Emergency: 911

Suicide Hotline: 988

View More Crisis Hotlines
Choosing Therapy on Facebook
Choosing Therapy on Instagram
Choosing Therapy on X
Choosing Therapy on Linkedin
Choosing Therapy on Pinterest
Choosing Therapy on Tiktok
Choosing Therapy on Youtube

© 2025 Choosing Therapy, Inc. All rights reserved.

X