Neurodivergent: Definition, Types, Support & More

What Is Neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity describes a population of people with varying neurotypes. The primary concept of neurodiversity is that different types of brains are not inherently “wrong” and do not need to be “corrected.” With an understanding of neurodiversity, we can help individuals thrive by identifying and supporting their needs, creating an environment accepting of differences and conducive to their success.

Neurodiverse Vs. Neurodivergent

“Neurodiverse” describes natural variations in the human brain, emphasizing the value of these differences. “Neurodivergent” is more specifically attributed to a person whose neurological development and functioning fall outside what many consider “normal.”

Neurodiversity refers to a group of people, while neurodivergent is a term ascribed to an individual. While neurodivergence is a clinical term, neurodiversity is a word that conjures social justice and acceptance on a broader scale.

Neutotypical Vs. Neurodivergent

A neurotypical person is someone who does not have a neurological condition. Neurotypical people are the larger population, partially explaining why society considers them the “norm.” Because of this, the world generally runs according to neurotypical needs, values, and expectations.

Society often overlooks the difference between neurodivergent and neurotypical needs, contributing to many challenges for neurodiverse individuals. For example, offices with open floor plans can feel distracting or overwhelming, and crowded supermarkets with bright fluorescent lights can prove difficult or distressing for neurodivergent people.

What Does It Mean to Be Neurodivergent?

Being neurodivergent means having a brain that functions and processes information differently than the current “norm.” Because of these differences, neurodivergent people often process information, perceive the world, and interact with others in ways that are distinct from neurotypicals. Embracing and understanding neurodivergent individuals and their diverse perspectives can enrich our society and foster inclusion.

History of the Neurodivergent Movement

Autistic sociologist Judy Singer created the term “neurodiversity” in the 1990s to shift deficit-based language when approaching various mental health conditions.¹ Singer highlighted notable strengths of the autistic population, including the ability to focus, recognize patterns, and remember factual information. While many considered her work somewhat radical at the time, her efforts helped change the conversation to include a more balanced perspective that honored the strengths and gifts of individuals of varying neurotypes.¹

Why Use the Term Neurodivergent to Describe People?

Before the neurodiversity movement, professionals and society viewed neurological conditions as needing to be treated or “cured,” going as far as labeling the increasing prevalence of autism diagnoses an “epidemic.” The concept of neurodiversity suggests these conditions are simply different ways of existing. These individuals should not be pathologized, cured, or changed but supported and embraced by society. This inclusivity promotes positive self-esteem, acceptance, and a healthy reliance between neurotypical and neurodivergent people.

Identity-First Language

Many in the neurodiverse community are proponents of identity-first language. For example, “autistic person” is generally the preferred term instead of “person with autism.” The preference for identity-first language illustrates how many neurodivergent individuals feel their differences are a significant part of their identity. Their condition isn’t something they “have” but a foundational part of who they are.

Neurodivergence affects how one thinks, feels, perceives, and relates to the world. Different neurotypes also impact the perception of gender and sexual orientation, as people in the autistic community are more likely to identify as LBGTQ+.² The neurodiversity movement accepts and honors how intertwined neurology is with personality and sense of self.

Types of Neurodiversity

Neurodiversity encompasses a range of conditions. What qualifies as neurodivergence may differ, as symptoms vary across the spectrum. However, experts have recognized specific conditions under the neurodiversity umbrella, including autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, and dyspraxia. Each represents a unique way of interpreting the world.

The types of neurodivergence include:³

Autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in communication and repetitive behaviors. Autistic folks have unique strengths, such as exceptional attention to detail, a robust memory, and the ability to think outside the box. Many are enthusiastic about their hobbies and have niche knowledge to share with others.

However, navigating social situations, understanding nonverbal cues, and coping with sensory stimuli can be challenging for autistic individuals. Some have learned to navigate a neurotypical world with coping skills and boundaries to protect their energy and well-being. Others may have higher support needs that require accommodations.

ADHD

ADHD results in symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Those with ADHD may struggle with staying focused, organizing tasks, maintaining self-control, and regulating their emotions. Still, ADHD has many benefits, as many individuals possess high creativity, flexibility, and spontaneity. With appropriate strategies, accommodations, and support, people with ADHD can effectively manage unwanted symptoms and utilize their unique strengths to succeed in various areas of life.

Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, & Dyscalculia

Dyslexia, dyspraxia, and dyscalculia are learning differences that impact the ability to acquire and process information in specific areas. Dyslexia is a language-based condition that affects reading, writing, and spelling skills. Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder, affects motor coordination, planning, and execution of movements. Dyscalculia results in difficulties with mathematical concepts, number manipulation, and mathematical reasoning.

While these conditions present challenges, individuals often thrive in creativity, problem-solving, and visual thinking. Early identification and appropriate interventions can help individuals with these conditions effectively overcome difficulties.

Intellectual Disabilities

Intellectual disabilities refer to limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. These disabilities can range from mild to severe and usually manifest during early childhood. Individuals with intellectual disabilities may struggle with learning, problem-solving, and independent living skills.

Common Neurodivergent Traits & Characteristics

The signs of neurodivergence in adults and children vary significantly, as everyone experiences these conditions differently. Some neurodivergent people may struggle with activities like language learning, math, or the arts, while others excel in these areas. Other times, they may have highly specific interests that appear atypical to neurotypical people, like obscure movie genres or different weather phenomena. Because neurodivergence is a spectrum, no two people exhibit the same characteristics.

Common characteristics of neurodivergence may include:

• Sensory-sensitive or sensory-seeking behavior
• Social differences
• Executive dysfunction
• Special interests
• Ability to hyper-focus on one subject or task
• Creativity in the arts
• Giftedness in math and technology
• Deep empathy and a strong sense of justice
• Powerful experience of emotions
• Enhanced ability to learn languages
• Ability to think “outside the box”
• Enhanced memory or difficulty with working memory
• Limited “social battery”
• Ability to recognize patterns and notice small details
• Need for movement breaks
• Need to stim

Is Being Neurodivergent a Disability?

Neurodivergence broadly describes brain differences that vary from the neurotypical norm and does not necessarily indicate a disability. In fact, many people believe neurodivergence is simply another way of being in the world. Therefore, neurodiversity is not a condition that requires treatment. Whether or not neurodivergence indicates a disability varies from person to person, primarily based on how their brain differences impact their daily functioning and quality of life.

Is Neurodiversity Diagnosable?

Neurodiversity is a large category under which various conditions fall, meaning neurodivergence occurs on a spectrum. Within each neurotype, you will find a plethora of traits that may be more or less pronounced, depending on the individual.

Similar to a color wheel where each color appears in varying shades, two neurodivergent individuals may possess the same traits to varying degrees. Because of these innumerable differences, professionals do not “diagnose” someone as neurodivergent. Instead, they observe commonalities between symptoms that indicate an underlying neurotype, such as autism or ADHD.

From here, professionals and individuals can work to develop a support plan to ensure each person receives the care they want and need. In other cases, the person may not want support–this is okay! Everyone has unique support needs. Some people may be more inclined to seek therapy, accommodations, or similar resources than others.

What Are the Benefits of the Neurodiversity Movement?

Neurodiverse groups offer a different way of thinking, perceiving, and creating. These strengths are an enormous asset to the world. Art, music, innovation, and medical and technological advances are often made possible by contributions from neurodiverse groups who can “think outside the box.”

Neurodiversity has likely always existed throughout human evolution, with evidence dating back to the Ice Age. While studying cave paintings in the Chauvet Cave in France, archeology researchers noted such detailed images they believed to have been created by individuals who possessed the autistic trait of “detail focus.”⁴

In the present day, the Israeli military created the Special Intelligence Unit 9900 to actively recruit autistic individuals to analyze satellite images of aerial activity, acting as “eyes on the ground.”⁵ Similarly, the Australian Defense Department seeks neurodiverse talent to work in the field of cybersecurity.⁶ Historically, the world of technology and science has valued neurodiverse traits.⁷

How to Know If You’re Divergent

Many people may wonder, “Am I neurodivergent?” While educating yourself on various manifestations of neurodivergence can be helpful, the best way to find out if you are neurodivergent is to consult your doctor. They may refer you to a specialist who can help you obtain an appropriate diagnosis and seek recommended treatment or support.

How to Support Neurodivergent People

Supporting a neurodivergent person starts by accepting them for their unique characteristics, strengths, and differences. Their needs and ways of thinking differ from yours, and they may struggle with tasks you feel are easy or mundane, like going to the grocery store or cooking a meal.

Focus on educating yourself as you navigate a relationship with someone who identifies as neurodivergent. Learn more about varying neurotypes and ask your loved one how they want to receive support.

Below are six ways to support a neurodivergent loved one:

1. Learn More About Neurodiversity

When communicating with a neurodivergent person, ask genuine questions and listen with an open mind. Outside of conversations, spend time learning about the unique strengths and challenges associated with neurodivergence.

Of course, all neurodiverse individuals have their own needs and communication methods. While literature and printed information can provide technical knowledge of neurodivergence, seeking first-hand experiences and stories from those on the spectrum will provide the best education.

2. Accept Their Preferred Communication Methods

Many people on the neurodiverse spectrum communicate differently than their neurotypical peers. Some may prefer non-verbal methods and use technology to express themselves. Others may be selective, choosing to speak sometimes while relying on non-verbal cues in specific situations.

Do not assume neurodivergent individuals are unintelligent or incapable because their communication styles differ from yours. Different does not equate to invaluable or deficit. Be flexible as you learn to understand the nuances of interacting with neurodivergent people.

3. Provide an Inclusive Environment at Work

For employers, providing an inclusive workplace is essential. Bosses, managers, and organizations can strive to offer flexibility when designing and implementing support options. For example, create a culture of mentorship and make thoughtful accommodations to promote individual success.

Additionally, avoid assuming you know what works best for neurodivergent people. Ask the person about their neurotype and what support options they may need. Use clear, kind communication and invite questions.

4. Create a Sensory-Safe Environment

Sensory issues are common for individuals on the neurodiverse spectrum. For example, an autistic person might feel overwhelmed in loud, bright, or crowded environments. Someone with ADHD may need frequent movement breaks to stay focused and motivated.

Accommodating individual needs instead of changing the person to fit a “standard” mold means everyone can reach their potential. Spaces designed with sensory needs in mind—including soft or natural lighting and a quiet place to take breaks or work alone—allow neurodivergent people to thrive.

5. Offer Dignity Regardless of Support Needs

Each person within the neurodivergent community has their own specific support needs. Some individuals require high support to manage daily life, while others may need little (if any) support.

Remember, people with minimal support needs may still struggle daily. On that note, those who need more support have valuable gifts, skills, and talents. No matter the level of support, everyone has an inherent right to dignity, agency, and autonomy. Listen to the individual, even if they communicate in unexpected ways.

6. Acknowledge Their Differences & Disabilities

You can celebrate neurodiversity while acknowledging that disabilities are inherent to the neurodivergent experience. While some individuals do not consider their neurodivergence a disability, others identify strongly with the disability community. Many in the neurodiverse community believe their environment disables them, not their neurotype.⁸

This social model of disability highlights the importance of disability accommodations. Honoring neurodiverse needs may include sensory considerations, movement breaks, and allowing people to learn, listen, and participate in ways that work with their neurology.

For example, a neurodivergent person might not appear attentive to someone unaware of their neurotype. However, many neurodivergent people listen better while drawing, ”fidgeting,” or looking around the room. With an understanding of the unique needs of different neurotypes, we can accommodate more people.

How to Support a Neurodivergent Child

As with neurotypical adults, supporting a neurodivergent child means practicing unconditional acceptance. Celebrate the child for their differences, separate from neurotypical and societal expectations. Be curious about discovering more about them, working with their differences instead of against them.

Here are ways to support a neurodivergent child:

• Seek necessary accommodations: Seek an IEP or 504 plan if the child needs accommodations at school. Many school systems will evaluate kids to determine support needs in the educational environment, meaning they can often receive support without a formal medical diagnosis. They may also provide services like occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical therapy, and counseling.
• Ask how they want to communicate: Communicate in a way that works best for the child, listening with care and an open mind to truly understand and support them.
• Seek support from other neurodivergent people: Ask for insight from neurodivergent adults and therapists. If they are willing to share, consider asking what they liked about their childhoods, what they would have changed, and what was helpful.
• Show them people with similar differences: Seek out neurodivergent role models for the child, including characters and public figures who may have the same condition or neurotype. Doing so can help show your child that their differences are strengths to appreciate.
• Build an inclusive environment: Seek out a school or learning environment that understands, supports, and celebrates neurodiversity.
• Help them meet like-minded peers: Help neurodivergent kids connect and form friendships with other neurodivergent kids if they are interested.