ADHD Medication: Types, Side Effects, & More

What Is ADHD?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves difficulty with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.¹ ADHD is a lifelong condition, with symptoms typically emerging in early childhood. Adult symptoms of ADHD can affect the ability to function at work, home, and in other areas of life.

ADHD falls under the neurodiversity umbrella, meaning individuals experience unique differences based on their neurotype. Because everyone experiences neurodiversity differently, how ADHD manifests will vary depending on the individual, their environment, and many other factors.

Common symptoms of ADHD include:

• Trouble focusing
• Difficulty with time management (time blindness)
• Restlessness
• Poor impulse control
• Distractability
• Forgetfulness
• Executive dysfunction

What Is ADHD Medication?

ADHD medications include stimulants, non-stimulants, and some antidepressants. These medications can help decrease hyperactivity and impulsive behavior while improving attention.

Professionals recommend combining medications for ADHD with therapy. This way, people can develop the necessary tools to manage symptoms rather than relying on medication alone or poor coping mechanisms.

What Does ADHD Medication Do?

ADHD medications influence certain neurotransmitters in the brain to reduce some symptoms of ADHD and improve the ability to function and regulate attention.¹ How these medications affect the body depends on the type of medication. For example, stimulant medications increase dopamine and norepinephrine levels, while non-stimulants only affect norepinephrine.

Symptoms of ADHD medications can help improve include:

• Inattention
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsiveness
• Executive dysfunction

ADHD Medications for Adults Vs. Children

ADHD medications for adults may differ slightly from those for children. The difference lies in dosages because each group metabolizes these medications differently.² Additionally, ADHD symptoms may fluctuate as people age and their brain chemistry and structure change.

For example, childhood hyperactivity may decrease as individuals approach adolescence, while inattentive symptoms may continue to impact functioning into adulthood. The type and dosage of ADHD medication for children may adjust over time so they can continue to manage their condition.

Types of ADHD Medication

Many different ADHD medications are available, with stimulants being the most frequently prescribed for ADHD in children, teens, and adults. A prescribing physician often starts individuals with a trial stimulant dose. They may recommend non-stimulants or specific antidepressants if a person cannot tolerate side effects or does not respond to stimulants.

Stimulant ADHD Medications

Stimulants* for ADHD increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which are neurotransmitters involved in attention regulation.¹ ADHD stimulants can be fast-acting (immediate-release) or long-acting (extended-release). These categories describe how quickly a medication takes effect and how long these effects last.

Stimulants can be safe and effective when taken as prescribed.¹ However, they can cause adverse effects, such as ADHD tics and sleeping problems.³ Stimulants also have a potential for misuse, and some individuals may take these medications with a prescription to boost productivity.²

Individuals should never take stimulants without consulting a doctor and receiving a prescription. A prescriber will explain the benefits and risks of stimulant medications for ADHD and decide whether this type of medication is a suitable option.

Types of stimulant ADHD medications include:

• Immediate-release (short-acting) stimulant medications: Individuals typically use these ADHD medications “as needed’ because they take effect within 30 to 45 minutes. Their effects can last up to four hours, with individuals sometimes experiencing a “crash” after the medication wears off.^{2, 4}
• Extended-release (intermediate/long-acting) Stimulant Medications: Intermediate and long-acting stimulants work slowly rather than all at once. Individuals usually take these medications once in the morning, and their effects may last up to 12 hours.^{2, 4}

*This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of medication misuse or abuse.

Non-Stimulants ADHD Medications

Non-stimulants for ADHD prevent the brain from reabsorbing norepinephrine (associated with controlling your fight or flight instincts) to increase focus and attention.³ Though stimulants are the most common medication for ADHD, non-stimulants are another viable option. These medications may benefit people who do not benefit from or do not like the side effects of stimulants.²

Antidepressants for ADHD

Certain antidepressants are off-label medications for ADHD.² These medications are not technically FDA-approved for treating ADHD, but studies show they can help reduce symptoms associated with ADHD.

Some providers may prescribe these medications alongside stimulants or non-stimulants to manage symptoms more effectively. They can also recommend non-stimulants independently for people who cannot tolerate side effects from other ADHD medications, do not respond to stimulants, or have a dual diagnosis of ADHD and depression.¹

Common ADHD Medication Names

Several medications can help treat ADHD, each with unique characteristics. These prescriptions work on brain chemicals to improve inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Only a licensed healthcare professional can prescribe ADHD medications.

Stimulants

Stimulants are a group of medications that influence neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, that play a role in focus and self-control. Stimulants are typically fast-acting and can quickly improve symptoms of ADHD. However, they may have side effects such as loss of appetite, sleep problems, and irritability. Due to their potential for abuse and addiction, stimulants are controlled substances and are only available with a prescription from a healthcare professional.

Below are common stimulant ADHD medications:

Non-Stimulants

Non-stimulant medications are an alternative for individuals with ADHD who may not benefit from or have difficulty tolerating stimulant medications. These medications work differently than stimulants and typically have a more gradual onset of action.

One common non-stimulant is Strattera (atomoxetine), a medication that influences norepinephrine to help improve impulse control, attention, and overall ADHD symptoms. Other non-stimulant options include Intuniv (guanfacine) and Kapvay (clonidine), which can help address hyperactivity and impulsivity in individuals with ADHD.

Non-stimulant medications may be particularly beneficial for those with a history of substance abuse, anxiety disorders, or cardiac issues, as they tend to have a lower risk of abuse and fewer cardiovascular side effects than stimulant medications.

Below are common non-stimulant ADHD medications:

*This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in certain people. You should talk with your doctor about these risks before starting this medication.

Antidepressants

Antidepressants may benefit individuals with ADHD who do not respond well to stimulant or non-stimulant medications or have co-occurring depression or anxiety. While not specifically FDA-approved for ADHD, certain antidepressants may help manage inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. These medications work by altering the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, to regulate mood and attention.

Below are common antidepressants for ADHD:

*This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in certain people. You should talk with your doctor about these risks before starting this medication.

Side Effects of ADHD Medications

ADHD medication side effects are possible.² Everyone responds differently to medication, but common adverse effects include appetite changes and stomach upset. Non-stimulant medicines can cause drowsiness, low blood pressure, and fainting. Headaches and sleeping problems usually resolve within a few weeks as the body adjusts to the medications.⁵ Prescribers can help manage side effects by changing the dose or the drug, adding another medication, or recommending medication breaks on the weekends and holidays.

Common side effects of stimulants include:²

• Decreased appetite
• Weight loss
• Difficulty sleeping
• Headaches
• Stomach pain
• Delayed growth

Common side effects of non-stimulants include:²

• Decreased heart rate
• Decreased blood pressure
• Dizziness
• Drowsiness
• Fainting
• Irritability
• Dry mouth
• Constipation
• Low energy

What Is a Rebound Effect?

The rebound effect, also known as the rebound phenomenon or rebound syndrome, refers to the temporary worsening of symptoms or the emergence of new symptoms after taking medication. With ADHD, the rebound effect typically includes noticeably worsened ADHD symptoms, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, or inattention.

This rebound phenomenon can be distressing for individuals and may interfere with daily functioning. To manage these effects, healthcare professionals may recommend tapering the medication gradually instead of stopping abruptly. They may also suggest additional strategies and interventions to help mitigate negative impacts during this period.

Risks of Taking ADHD Medications

ADHD medications are effective in managing symptoms for many people. However, they can cause side effects, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure, that impact populations managing health conditions. Additionally, stimulants can be habit-forming, and abuse or misuse of these medications can lead to addiction or other adverse health outcomes.

Research on the effects of ADHD medications on pregnancy and breast milk is limited, so consult your healthcare provider if you are pregnant, considering pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Follow professional guidance and dosing instructions while taking ADHD medications, and inform your physician of any concerns before beginning medication.

Individuals who should take ADHD medications with caution include:

• Children
• Pregnant or breastfeeding people
• Individuals with pre-existing conditions (e.g., heart problems, high blood pressure, anxiety disorders)
• Individuals with a history of substance abuse

What Is the Best ADHD Medication?

Many ADHD medications are available, but what works for one person may not work for another. When finding the proper medication, your doctor will gather information about your ADHD symptoms and your history of past prescriptions. Some people respond well to stimulants, while others benefit more from alternatives.

Your doctor will discuss the different options and help you select the best medication for your unique needs. They may consider changing the medication or dose if one option does not work or causes too many side effects. Patience is vital for this process, as finding the right fit may require trial and error.

How to Get a Prescription for ADHD Medication

Individuals can make an appointment with a qualified healthcare provider to determine if ADHD medications suit their needs. They will undergo an evaluation and collaborate with their provider to develop an individualized treatment plan. Follow professional recommendations for safe and responsible medication use and attend follow-up appointments to monitor effectiveness.

Questions to Ask Your Health Team About ADHD Meds

During an evaluation, your healthcare provider will explain the risks and benefits of medications for ADHD. Still, you will likely have questions about how to take your prescription and what side effects to expect. Consider writing down your questions to bring with you to ensure you feel comfortable with your treatment plan.

Below are some questions to ask your doctor about ADHD medications:

How Long Do I Need to Take ADHD Medications?

The duration of ADHD medication treatment varies based on individual circumstances. It may be prescribed for short-term use to address specific challenges or symptoms, or it may be recommended for longer-term management. Your doctor can guide the expected treatment duration based on your symptoms, goals, and response to medication. Additionally, they can discuss any potential benefits of intermittent or maintenance treatment plans.

How Long Do ADHD Medications Last?

The duration of effectiveness can vary depending on the type of medication. The effects of stimulants typically last between 4-12 hours. Extended-release versions can provide additional coverage, around 8-12 hours. Non-stimulant medications may have a longer duration of action, potentially lasting up to 24 hours.

Can I Manage My ADHD Without Medication?

Medication can be an effective treatment for ADHD but may not be the best option for everyone. Your doctor can discuss alternative or natural remedies for ADHD, such as therapy, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle modifications.

When Should I Contact You About Side Effects?

Stay vigilant for side effects when taking ADHD medications. Contact your doctor promptly if you experience distressful or uncomfortable adverse effects, especially when managing co-occurring physical health conditions.

Are There Natural Remedies or Over-the-Counter Alternatives?

While medication is the standard treatment for ADHD, some natural remedies and over-the-counter supplements may help improve well-being. Discuss these options with your doctor before incorporating them into your treatment plan. Supplements may vary in effectiveness and safety, and your doctor can guide potential benefits or risks associated with these alternatives.

Can I Become Addicted to Stimulants?

Stimulant medications do not typically lead to addiction when individuals adhere to professional recommendations and dosages. However, misuse poses a risk for abuse and dependence. Your doctor can provide information about these risks and early signs of dependence.

When Should I Take My ADHD Medications?

The timing of ADHD medication administration is an essential consideration. Your doctor will provide specific instructions for when to take your medication based on the type and formulation. They may recommend taking your prescription before specific activities or during particular times of the day to optimize effectiveness.