*An off-label use of a medication is a use that is not FDA-approved. Prescribers can decide to use a medication off-label because, in their professional judgment, they believe it may offer a benefit to someone.
Adderall is a controlled stimulant medication that is FDA-approved for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults. Adderall can help reduce symptoms of impulsivity and poor focus by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain. Adderall comes with the risk of side effects, and individuals should only take the medication as prescribed.
If you’re considering Adderall, you will be limited in your options for obtaining an assessment and prescription online. Circle Medical is an online psychiatry platform that can and will prescribe stimulant medications, which are controlled substances. They can provide an assessment and may offer you an Adderall prescription if they determine the medication may help your symptoms.
Boxed Warning: Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine mixed salts (Adderall) - Risk of medication misuse or abuse
Adderall has a black box warning. These are the most serious types of warnings from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Amphetamines, an active ingredient in Adderall, have a risk of misuse (abuse) which can lead to dependence on the medication, serious heart conditions, and even sudden death.
Adderall is a controlled substance, which means that it’s more likely to be misused or cause dependence. There are federal and state laws that limit the amount of medication that can be prescribed or dispensed within a certain period of time.
Get Personalized, Affordable ADHD Treatment
Medical providers at MEDvidi offer same-day appointments for comprehensive, personalized ADHD treatment. From diagnosis to medication management, MEDvidi’s medical team will be there for you, including online prescriptions for controlled substances if clinically needed.
What Is Adderall?
Adderall, the brand name of amphetamine/dextroamphetamine, is a controlled stimulant medication FDA-approved to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Only a qualified and licensed professional can provide an Adderall prescription. These individuals will supply important information about abuse potential and potential side effects.1
Adderall extended-release comes in capsule form. The effects begin working after about 30 minutes and last up to 12 hours. Individuals generally take Adderall XR once daily. Adderall was previously also available in an immediate-release (IR) version.
How Does Adderall Work?
Adderall contains a combination of amphetamine salts, dextroamphetamine, and levoamphetamine. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, Adderall primarily impacts the prefrontal cortex by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Adderall enhances dopaminergic activity to help reduce hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness.2
Is Adderall Addictive?
Adderall can cause dependency, meaning your body physiologically changes and adapts to the substance. When someone becomes dependent on Adderall, they may experience withdrawal symptoms if they suddenly stop or reduce their medication.
Dependency differs from addiction in that addiction refers to a psychological need to use a substance despite associated negative consequences. However, Adderall dependence can increase the risk of abuse and Adderall addiction.
One study found addiction affects between one and three percent of patients treated with stimulants for narcolepsy.3 Because of the risk for addiction and misuse, the FDA requires doctors to prescribe stimulants like Adderall without refills to ensure patients follow up before receiving another prescription. Studies have shown the benefit of regular physician check-ins for pediatric patients treated with stimulants.3
What Is Adderall Used For?
One of the main benefits of Adderall is the ability to diminish impulsivity and improve attention span, focus, and overall concentration. In some cases, Adderall can also benefit people with narcolepsy by promoting wakefulness, which can reduce the chance of falling asleep spontaneously.4
Off-Label Uses for Adderall
Healthcare providers can prescribe medications “off-label,” meaning they may recommend medications approved for a different condition to treat ADHD based on their clinical judgment. The FDA has not approved the medication for these uses. Off-label uses for Adderall may include treating mood and anxiety disorders.
Adderall may be prescribed off-label to treat conditions, such as:
- Depression: Some research shows stimulants, including Adderall, can help improve symptoms of depression, especially for people who exhibit resistance to traditional treatment avenues.
- Anxiety disorders: While uncommon, some prescribers may recommend Adderall for those with anxiety, as the medication can help reduce stress.
- Bipolar disorder: Adderall, in conjunction with mood stabilizers, may help treat bipolar disorder.
See If You Have ADHD - Same Day Appointments
Affordable and accessible ADHD evaluations and treatment, including possible controlled substances medication if clinically appropriate. Diagnosis and prescription over video. Insurance accepted. Same day appointments.
Adderall Side Effects
Adderall can be beneficial for many individuals. However, like other medications, Adderall carries the risk of adverse effects. Common side effects of Adderall include nervousness, weight loss, nausea, dry mouth, and increased blood pressure.
Because everyone responds differently to medication, the list below is not a comprehensive inventory of possible side effects. Contact your doctor or prescriber if you notice these or more severe adverse effects.
Common side effects of Adderall can include:
- Nausea/vomiting
- Weight loss
- Mildly increased blood pressure
- Weight loss
- Dry mouth
- Stomach upset
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Nervousness
- Difficulty sleeping
Serious Adderall Side Effects
Those prescribed Adderall should contact 911 or visit the nearest emergency room if they experience chest pain, shortness of breath, high blood pressure, agitation, delirium, or uncontrolled shaking. Patients with histories of heart conditions should have clearance from a cardiologist before starting a stimulant medication. A less commonly reported side effect of Adderall is hair loss.
Serious side effects of Adderall can include:
- Dependency
- Increased blood pressure
- Increased heart rate
- Serotonin syndrome (when the body has built up toxic levels of serotonin)
- Steven Johnson syndrome (a rare, serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes)
- Thoughts of suicide
- Mood swings
- Signs of psychosis
- Seizure
Long-Term Effects of Adderall
One of the more significant long-term effects of Adderall is the potential for abuse. Dependence on amphetamines is possible, which can lead to addictive behavior. Adderall is a relatively new medication, meaning little data is available on the long-term use of Adderall within controlled studies.5
Potential long-term negative effects of Adderall include:
- Growth suppression in children
- Vascular issues such as Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Adderall Side Effects in Different Populations
Adderall can affect people differently based on the dosage, body chemistry, other substances, and overall physical health. Moreover, the specific impact depends on whether someone misuses or takes Adderall as prescribed.
Adderall Side Effects in Children
Adderall can be effective in treating ADHD in children, but parents and caregivers should recognize the risk of adverse effects. Some potential effects include diminished appetite, sleep issues, headaches, gastrointestinal distress, or increased irritability. Parents should consult a pediatrician about any reactions to ensure their children receive the correct dose.
Adderall Side Effects in Men
While adverse effects are generally similar across genders, the main side effects of Adderall in males include decreased appetite, weight loss, and sleep problems. However, some men will also note increased blood pressure or heart rate. Men may also experience sexual changes, including either an increased or decreased sex drive, problems with orgasm, and symptoms of erectile dysfunction.
Adderall Side Effects in Women
Like men, women may also experience appetite fluctuations, sleep issues, and gastrointestinal distress when taking Adderall. While the long-term effects of Adderall are not well understood, professionals still advise against taking Adderall while pregnant. In addition, breastfeeding mothers should also consult their doctor about stimulants like Adderall.
Adderall Dosages
Adderall comes as extended-release capsules. Dosages and delivery methods differ based on age. A prescribing doctor will recommend the best medication regimen depending on individual needs. Parents should always consult with a pediatrician before considering Adderall for their children.
Below are the recommended dosages for adults and children taking Adderall XR:
| Adults With ADHD | Children (6 to 12) With ADHD | Children (13 and older) With ADHD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Initial Dose | 20 mg once daily in the morning | 10 mg once daily in the morning | 10 mg once daily in the morning |
| Maintenance Dose | 20 mg once daily in the morning | Lowest effective dose | 10 mg or 20 mg once daily in the morning |
| Maximum Dose | 20 mg once daily in the morning | 30 mg once daily in the morning | 20 mg once daily in the morning |
Get Personalized, Affordable ADHD Treatment
Medical providers at MEDvidi offer same-day appointments for comprehensive, personalized ADHD treatment. From diagnosis to medication management, MEDvidi’s medical team will be there for you, including online prescriptions for controlled substances if clinically needed.
Interactions With Adderall
Individuals should be mindful of potential drug interactions before considering or taking Adderall. In most cases, doctors will not prescribe Adderall to people with preexisting heart diseases or high blood pressure. They may also recommend alternatives to individuals with histories of addiction or heavy alcohol use, as combining alcohol with amphetamines is dangerous.
Below are other medications that can interact with Adderall:
- SSRIs
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
- SNRIs
- Prescription opioids
- H2 Blockers
- Bupropion
- Blood pressure medicines
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
This is not a comprehensive list of possible interactions with Adderall. You should talk with your healthcare professional about all over-the-counter and prescription medications, herbs, and supplements you take before starting Adderall.
Adderall Risks & Warnings
Adderall is a controlled substance due to the risk of dependency. Patients with a history of substance misuse should take the medication with caution. Patients should store medications in a safe area away from the reach of children. Similarly, only take the medication as prescribed and talk to a doctor about dosage changes if needed.
Adderall can be dangerous for people with histories of specific conditions, particularly cardiovascular issues or high blood pressure. Because stimulants can raise heart rate or enhance feelings of anxiety, people with histories of seizures, liver or kidney disease, or glaucoma should talk to their doctor before discussing Adderall treatment.6
Individuals should inform their doctor if they have a history of conditions, such as:
- High blood pressure: Stimulant products are associated with cardiovascular effects, including raised blood pressure and palpitations.
- Heart disease: Stimulants may exacerbate untreated or undetected heart disease.
- Seizures: ADHD medication, including Adderall, may increase the risk of seizures.
- Tourette syndrome: Stimulants may increase the risk or intensity of tics.
- Mental health conditions: Stimulants may cause new or worsening signs of mental health conditions.
Adderall & Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
It is unclear if taking Adderall during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, you should talk with your healthcare professional about the potential risks and benefits of taking Adderall.
How Should I Take Adderall?
Typically, the best time of day to take Adderall XR is after waking in the morning. Taking this medication later in the day may cause problems with falling or staying asleep.
What If I Miss a Dose?
Take your prescription as soon as possible if you miss a dose. However, you can skip the missed dose if you are close to the next dose. Try to avoid making up for missed doses too late in the afternoon or early evening.
How Long Will I Take Adderall?
Some people take Adderall indefinitely, whereas others only take the medication briefly. How long you take Adderall will depend on several factors, including the reason for treatment and how well you manage symptoms with other methods. Talk to your doctor or psychiatrist if you have concerns about treatment length.
How Long Does Adderall Take to Work?
Adderall XR takes about 30 minutes to start working. These effects contrast that of other psychiatric medications, many of which take several days or weeks to show improvements. Most people feel a sense of balanced energy and increased focus as the Adderall kicks in.
Alternatives to Adderall
Adderall alternatives can be beneficial for individuals who respond poorly to traditional stimulants. Those worried about the risk of addiction may also consider different options. A prescribing physician can recommend medications that suit your needs and treatment goals.
Alternatives to Adderall for treating ADHD may include:
Stimulants
Non-stimulants
- Strattera (atomoxetine)**
- Wellbutrin (bupropion)**
- Clonidine
- Guanfacine
*This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of medication misuse or abuse.
** This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in certain people. You should talk with your doctor about these risks before starting this medication.
See If You Have ADHD - Same Day Appointments
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Adderall Withdrawal
Adderall can cause withdrawal in individuals physiologically dependent on the drug. Patients are generally advised to taper off the medication instead of discontinuing abruptly. Consult a doctor before reducing or stopping your medication. They can provide a tapering schedule to help reduce the risk of withdrawal symptoms.
Generally, symptoms of Adderall withdrawal last for a week after an individual stops taking the medication. Seek medical advice if you experience these or severe symptoms.
Symptoms of Adderall withdrawal may include:
- Increase in appetite
- Sleepiness or problems falling asleep
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Suicidal ideation
- Cravings for Adderall
Adderall & Alcohol
Many people mix Adderall and alcohol without knowing the potential danger. Mixing substances can be particularly problematic if someone is binge drinking or taking Adderall recreationally. This phenomenon is common on college campuses but can lead to serious health consequences, including cardiovascular issues, heart failure, severe dehydration, and a life-threatening overdose.
Adderall Overdose
Overdosing on Adderall is possible, and individuals and their loved ones should be aware of the potential risk. The chances of overdosing on Adderall increase if someone takes the substance without a prescription or more than their prescribed amount. Other medications or drugs further exacerbate the potential for adverse effects.
Symptoms of an overdose of Adderall may include:
- Confusion
- Hallucinations
- Agitation
- Increased heart rate
- Muscle pains
- Nausea and vomiting
- Cramping and diarrhea
- Rapid breathing
- Loss of consciousness
- Increased body temperature
- Tremors or seizures
What to Do in the Case of an Overdose
Call 911 or visit the nearest emergency room immediately if you or a loved one experience symptoms of an overdose. All states have Good Samaritan laws, meaning you will not face legal trouble for making this call. Be as honest as possible when describing symptoms. The paramedics will alert you on how to ensure safety until they arrive.
Does Insurance Cover Adderall?
Most insurance plans cover Adderall or generic forms. Consult your insurance company to determine exact coverage costs. Typically, the name brand of any drug will cost more than the generic version. If insurance coverage is not an option, Adderall coupons and discount cards may also help save money on your prescription.
Questions to Ask Your Health Team About Adderall
Individuals should make an informed decision based on professional recommendations before starting Adderall for ADHD or narcolepsy. Patients understand the risk of side effects, possible interactions, and the timeline for treatment.
Before meeting with a prescriber, developing a list of questions about Adderall can help you better understand the risks and benefits of the medication. Spend time considering your goals for treatment before finding and choosing a psychiatrist or doctor.
Questions to ask your care team about Adderall include:
- What are the benefits of Adderall for my condition?
- How much is the initial dose?
- How often should I take Adderall?
- What are some common side effects I can expect?
- Who should I contact about serious side effects?
- Are there Adderall alternatives for me to consider if this doesn’t work or has too many side effects?
- Can you take Adderall and Lexapro together?
- How long does Adderall last in your body?
- How do I get rid of an Adderall headache?
- Is it safe to take Adderall and Wellbutrin together?
- How does Adderall compare to phentermine as an alternative?
- Can Adderall cause depression?
In My Experience
“Adderall may benefit you if you are diagnosed with ADHD. Raise your concerns with your doctor and discuss whether Adderall or other stimulant medications are a good choice for you.”
ChoosingTherapy.com strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.
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LABEL: ADDERALL- dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate tablet. (n.d.). DailyMed: National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f22635fe-821d-4cde-aa12-419f8b53db81
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Sherzada, A. (2012). An Analysis of ADHD Drugs: Ritalin and Adderall. JCCC Honors Journal, 3(1), 2. https://scholarspace.jccc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=honors_journal
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Berman, S. M., et al. (2009). Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review. Molecular psychiatry, 14(2), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.90
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Turner M. (2019). The Treatment of Narcolepsy With Amphetamine-Based Stimulant Medications: A Call for Better Understanding. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 15(5), 803–805. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7788
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Adderall. (2007). Access Data FDA. Retrieved from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/011522s040lbl.pdf
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Risk Reduction. (2023). American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved from: https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/emotional-wellbeing/adhd-toolkit/risk-reduction.html
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Use of ADHD Medicine is Increasing among Pregnant Women. (2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/meds/treatingfortwo/features/keyfinding-ADHD-med-increase.html
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McGough, J.J., et al. (2005). Long-term tolerability and effectiveness of once-daily mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall XR) in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 44(6):530-8.
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LABEL: ADDERALL XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release. (n.d.). DailyMed: National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=aff45863-ffe1-4d4f-8acf-c7081512a6c0
We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about our editorial policies here.
Author: No Change
Reviewer: No Change
Primary Changes: Edited for readability and clarity. Reviewed and added relevant resources. Revised “What Is Adderall,” “Adderall Side Effects,” “Adderall Side Effects in Different Populations,” and “Adderall Dosages.” Added “What Is Adderall Used For,” “Interactions With Adderall,” “Adderall Risks & Warnings,” “How Should I Take Adderall,” “Alternatives to Adderall,” “Adderall & Alcohol,” “Adderall Overdose,” and “Does Insurance Cover Adderall.” New material written by Nicole Artz, LMFT and reviewed by Dena Westphalen, PharmD.
Author: Osama Tariq, MD
Reviewer: Dena Westphalen, PharmD
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