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Helicopter Parenting: Definition, Signs, & Effects

Published: June 18, 2021 Updated: November 24, 2022
Published: 06/18/2021 Updated: 11/24/2022
Headshot of Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
Written by:

Emily Guarnotta

PsyD
Headshot of Dr. Kristen Fuller, MD
Reviewed by:

Kristen Fuller

MD
  • What Is Helicopter Parenting?Definition
  • Signs of a Helicopter ParentSigns
  • What Are the Effects of Helicopter Parents?Effects
  • Common Causes of Helicopter ParentingCauses
  • Tips For Avoiding Helicopter ParentingTips
  • Ways to Cope if You Grew Up With a Helicopter ParentCope
  • When a Therapist Can HelpTherapy
  • Final Thoughts on Helicopter ParentingConclusion
  • Additional ResourcesResources
  • Helicopter Parenting InfographicsInfographics
Headshot of Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
Written by:

Emily Guarnotta

PsyD
Headshot of Dr. Kristen Fuller, MD
Reviewed by:

Kristen Fuller

MD

Helicopter parenting is an approach to raising children that involves high levels of control and monitoring.This approach can have negative effects on children and even hinder their ability to develop independence and autonomy. If you’re struggling as a parent or as someone who grew up with helicopter parents, therapy can help.

Being a parent is stressful and anxiety provoking. A therapist can help reduce your anxiety and be a better parent. BetterHelp has over 20,000 licensed therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy. BetterHelp starts at $60 per week. Complete a brief questionnaire and get matched with the right therapist for you.

Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by BetterHelp

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What Is Helicopter Parenting?

Helicopter parenting refers to parents who “hover” over their children, trying to monitor and control their every move.1 While this may be appropriate for babies and toddlers, helicopter parents continue this pattern as their children enter into adulthood. Similarly, they may also have traits of snowplow parents, who try to remove all obstacles for their children as a part of their constant monitoring.

Traditionally, parenting styles include:

  • Authoritative
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive
  • Uninvolved

More recently, researchers have identified additional styles, like tiger parenting and helicopter parenting.2

Like authoritative and permissive/indulgent families, helicopter parents are also highly responsive, but to an extent that is overbearing, overprotective, and smothering. As children of helicopter parents become older and more mature, they have a harder time managing their behavior and emotions, which can affect their functioning in school, work, and relationships.3 This parenting style is especially harmful as children enter adulthood, a time usually spent establishing autonomy.4

10 Signs of a Helicopter Parent

Helicopter parents tend to be anxious and cope by becoming overly involved in their children’s lives.1 Unfortunately, this hinders children’s abilities to develop autonomy and manage their emotions as they enter adulthood.3

Ten signs of helicopter parenting are:

  1. “Hovering” over children rather than encouraging autonomy and healthy separation
  2. Excessive anxiety about children failing or getting hurt
  3. Being overly involved in all areas of a child’s life (academics, recreational activities, and friendships)
  4. Making decisions for children such as which college to attend or activities to join
  5. Constantly correcting children rather than letting them make mistakes
  6. Protecting children from experiencing disappointment or failure
  7. Stepping in when children experience conflict rather than allowing them to resolve their own problems
  8. Not allowing children to participate in age-appropriate activities
  9. Taking advantage of every opportunity to be with children, such as volunteering to coach their sports team or be the class parent
  10. Doing tasks for children (e.g., chores and homework) rather than supporting their independence (even enabling them as adults)

What Are the Effects of Helicopter Parents?

Helicopter parents often have good intentions, but this parenting style is associated with negative outcomes. For example, helicopter parenting prevents children from learning important skills that help them achieve independence and autonomy.5 These negative effects become particularly apparent as children enter adulthood.

When it comes to mental health, college students with helicopter parents are more likely to experience depression and feel less satisfied with life.6 Helicopter parenting is also associated with poorer academic performance and a more difficult adjustment to college.7,8 It seems that this approach to parenting affects children’s self-efficacy, or confidence in their abilities, which contributes to difficulty adjusting to adulthood.

While helicopter parenting is generally linked to negative outcomes, the relationship between the parent and child does make a difference. One study found that college-aged children of helicopter parents who were not warm or supportive were more likely to experience low self-worth and engage in risky behaviors.9 This was not the case for children of helicopter parents who were warm and supportive.

Helicopter Moms vs. Helicopter Dads

One study found that helicopter parenting was more common among mothers than fathers.10 Females reported that having a helicopter mother was associated with less autonomy and males reported that having a helicopter father was associated with less closeness. Another study found that adult children of helicopter parents tend to view their mothers’ “hovering” as negative and intrusive, whereas they see their fathers’ as positive and protective.11

Common Causes of Helicopter Parenting

While all parents experience anxiety about their children, helicopter parents tend to be highly anxious, even when their children are in safe environments.5 These parents have a strong desire to protect their children from harm, failure, and negative emotions like disappointment. They respond to this by exerting control and closely monitoring their children’s behavior. Helicopter parents also have a strong, sometimes overbearing desire for their children to succeed.

Solution Focused Parent Coaching

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8 Tips For Avoiding Helicopter Parenting

It can be difficult for helicopter parents to stop, but there are ways to manage urges to overbear and overprotect. These include offering choices, teaching kids how to manage difficult situations, and giving them space as they age.

Here are eight tips for unlearning patterns of helicopter parenting:

1. Gradually Give Your Children Space as They Get Older

“Hovering” over infants and toddlers is necessary, but as children get older, it is important to allow them space to play independently and with friends. The amount of space you give will vary depending upon your child’s age and maturity level, but it should increase over time.

2. Offer Choices

Instead of controlling what your child does, provide choices. For example, you might suggest that they can choose between soccer, dance, or music classes.

3. Help Your Children Make Their Own Decisions

Avoid making decisions for your children; instead, guide them by helping them consider their options and weigh the pros and cons.

4. Allow Children to Make Mistakes

As parents, it’s hard to see your child struggle or fail, but it’s necessary to make mistakes. When mistakes happen, help them process how they feel and talk about what they could do differently in the future.

5. Teach Them How to Handle Problems

When children face challenges, your instinct may be to step in and fix the problem; however, it is more helpful to talk to them about these challenges and brainstorm ways to manage.

6. Assign Chores & Other Age-Appropriate Responsibilities

Give your children an opportunity to learn responsibility by assigning tasks, like having your ten-year-old take out the garbage. This teaches kids how to be accountable and contribute to a household.

7. Offer Help, but Do Not Take Over

When your child is having a hard time with something, like homework or chores, allow them space to problem-solve before offering help. When you do give help, turn it into a teaching opportunity, rather than doing the work for them.

8. Continue to Be Loving & Supportive

Helicopter parents love their children and want to be supportive, but at times, the way they go about it is unhelpful. As you give your child more space, continue to express your love and support. This is your greatest tool as a parent.

4 Ways to Cope if You Grew Up With a Helicopter Parent

Growing up with a helicopter parent can leave you feeling dependent, and unsure of how to handle difficult life situations. If this is the case, rest assured that it is never too late to learn how to cope with life as an adult.

Here are four ways to cope if you were raised by a helicopter parent:

1. Be Patient With Yourself

If you grew up with a parent who took control, you may feel overwhelmed by certain tasks and responsibilities. Practice patience and remember, it takes time to learn new things.

2. Establish Healthy Boundaries

Setting limits and boundaries with your parents is necessary. Decide what your boundaries are and communicate them respectfully, but firmly.

3. Be Aware of Your Tendency to Be Dependent on Others

Growing up with a helicopter parent may leave you susceptible to depending on others, since this is what you grew accustomed to as a child. Be aware of this pattern and make an effort to practice making your own decisions, facing mistakes and conflict head-on, and taking responsibility for yourself.

4. Don’t Hesitate to Seek Guidance

If you are struggling in any of these areas, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. You can find guidance from a therapist or even in self-help books.

When a Therapist Can Help

Signs that you, as a parent, may be struggling include feeling angry, overwhelmed, or stressed. You may also notice signs in your child, like anger, defiance, depression, and anxiety. If you or your child are experiencing these issues, therapy can help you identify problem areas, understand how your own childhood could be affecting your parenting (maybe you experienced a helicopter parent or another issue like emotional incest), and teach you skills to help improve your relationship.

Individual, group, or family therapy can all be helpful for dealing with parenting and family issues. To find a therapist that specializes in parenting, ask your healthcare provider for a list of referrals or contact your health insurance company. Choosing Therapy’s directory offers a list of therapists, allowing you to narrow down your search by area of specialty, cost, experience, and location

Final Thoughts on Helicopter Parenting

While being responsive to your child is associated with positive outcomes, exerting too much control can be damaging. Helicopter parenting prevents children from learning necessary life skills, like how to handle conflict with others, make decisions, and cope with stress and other negative emotions. If you are struggling, therapy can help you make changes so that you can be the best version of yourself for your children.

Additional Resources

Education is just the first step on our path to improved mental health and emotional wellness. To help our readers take the next step in their journey, Choosing Therapy has partnered with leaders in mental health and wellness. Choosing Therapy may be compensated for marketing by the companies mentioned below.

Parent Coaching (for parents with younger children)

Manatee – Solution focused parent coaching. Engage in a systematic process of identifying, understanding, and finding solutions for the most common childhood behaviors. Free Consultation

Online Therapy 

BetterHelp – Get support and guidance from a licensed therapist. BetterHelp has over 20,000 therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy.  Complete a brief questionnaire and get matched with the right therapist for you. Get Started

Virtual Psychiatry

Talkiatry – Get help from a real doctor that takes your insurance. Talkiatry offers medication management and online visits with top-rated psychiatrists. Take the online assessment and have your first appointment within a week. Free Assessment

Choosing Therapy Directory 

You can search for therapists by specialty, experience, insurance, or price, and location.  Find a therapist today.

Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by Manatee, BetterHelp, and Talkiatry.

For Further Reading

  • 15 Best Parenting Books
  • National Alliance on Mental Health
  • MentalHealth.gov
  • Online Therapist Directory: Sort therapists by specialty, cost, availability and more. Watch intro videos and see articles written by the therapists you’re considering working with. When you’ve found a good match, book an online therapy appointment with them directly.

Helicopter Parenting Infographics

Helicopter Parenting: Definition, Signs, & Effects Helicopter Parenting Definition Signs of Helicopter Parenting

Negative Effects of Helicopter Parenting to Children Common Causes of Helicopter Parenting Tips for Avoiding Helicopter Parenting

Coping After Growing Up with a Helicopter Parent Therapy for Those Struggling with Helicopter Parenting

11 sources

Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.

  • Cui, M., Darling, C. A., Coccia, C., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2019). Indulgent parenting, helicopter parenting, and well-being of parents and emerging adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(3), 860-871.

  • Power, T. G. (2013). Parenting dimensions and styles: A brief history and recommendations for future research. Childhood Obesity, 9(s1), S-14.

  • American Psychological Association. (2018, June). Helicopter parenting may negatively affect children’s emotional well-being, behavior. Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/helicopter-parenting

  • Kouros, C. D., Pruitt, M. M., Ekas, N. V., Kiriaki, R., & Sunderland, M. (2017). Helicopter parenting, autonomy support, and college students’ mental health and well-being: The moderating role of sex and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 939–949.

  • Locke, J. Y., Campbell, M. A., & Kavanagh, D. (2012). Can a parent do too much for their child? An examination by parenting professionals of the concept of overparenting. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 22(2), 249-265.

  • Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(3), 548-557.

  • Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M., & Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between helicopter parenting and adjustment to college. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2291-2298.

  • Schiffrin, H. H., & Liss, M. (2017). The effects of helicopter parenting on academic motivation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(5), 1472-1480.

  • Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Is hovering smothering or loving? An examination of parental warmth as a moderator of relations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ indices of adjustment. Emerging Adulthood, 3(4), 282-285.

  • Schiffrin, H. H., Yost, J. C., Power, V., Saldanha, E. R., & Sendrick, E. (2019). Examining the relationship between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ mindsets using the consolidated helicopter parenting scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(5), 1207-1219.

  • Zienty, L., & Nordling, D. (2018). Fathers are helping, mothers are hovering: Differential effects of helicopter parenting in college first-year students. Augustana College, Augustana Digital Commons.

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Headshot of Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
Written by:

Emily Guarnotta

PsyD
Headshot of Dr. Kristen Fuller, MD
Reviewed by:

Kristen Fuller

MD
  • What Is Helicopter Parenting?Definition
  • Signs of a Helicopter ParentSigns
  • What Are the Effects of Helicopter Parents?Effects
  • Common Causes of Helicopter ParentingCauses
  • Tips For Avoiding Helicopter ParentingTips
  • Ways to Cope if You Grew Up With a Helicopter ParentCope
  • When a Therapist Can HelpTherapy
  • Final Thoughts on Helicopter ParentingConclusion
  • Additional ResourcesResources
  • Helicopter Parenting InfographicsInfographics
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