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  • Mental Health Issues
    • Anxiety
    • ADHD
    • Bipolar Disorder
    • Depression
    • Grief
    • OCD
    • Personality Disorders
    • PTSD
  • Relationships
    • Dating
    • Marriage
    • Sex & Intimacy
    • Infidelity
    • Relationships 101
  • Wellness
    • Anger
    • Burnout
    • Stress
    • Sleep
    • Meditation
    • Mindfulness
    • Yoga
  • Therapy
    • Starting Therapy
    • Types of Therapy
    • Best Online Therapy Services
    • Online Couples Therapy
    • Online Therapy for Teens
  • Medication
    • Anxiety Medication
    • Depression Medication
    • ADHD Medication
    • Best Online Psychiatrist Options
  • My Mental Health
    • Men
    • Women
    • BIPOC
    • LGBTQIA+
    • Parents
    • Teens
  • About Us
    • Editorial Policy
    • Advertising Policy
    • About Us
    • Find a Local Therapist
    • Join Our Free Directory
  • Signs of Substance AbuseSigns of Substance Abuse
  • Risk Factors for Substance AbuseRisk Factors for Substance Abuse
  • Preventing Substance AbusePreventing Substance Abuse
  • ConclusionConclusion
  • ResourcesResources
  • InfographicsInfographics

Risk Factors for Substance Abuse: What to Watch For

Matt Glowiak PhD CPC headshot

Written by: Matt Glowiak, PhD, LCPC

Dena Westphalen, Pharm. D.

Reviewed by: Dena Westphalen, Pharm.D

Published: September 12, 2023
Headshot of Matt Glowiak, PhD, LCPC
Written by:

Matt Glowiak

PhD, LCPC
Dena Westphalen, PharmD
Reviewed by:

Dena Westphalen

PharmD

Certain risk factors for substance abuse increase vulnerability. Individuals with genetic predisposition, histories of early substance use, traumas, and co-occurring mental health conditions are notably at risk.1 However, anyone can abuse substances, and those possessing these characteristics do not necessarily misuse drugs or alcohol.

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Early Warning Signs of Substance Abuse

Substance abuse is a serious problem that can be a fast track to addiction. Recognizing the early warning signs of substance misuse can help prevent individuals from progressing beyond simple experimentation.

One indicator of substance abuse is behavioral changes that occur spontaneously or after a significant loss (e.g., loved one, work, finances, health, etc.). For example, individuals once lively and extroverted may withdraw from social circles or lose interest in enjoyed activities. Children or teens misusing substances may lack motivation, fall behind in school, or become easily irritable.

Common signs and symptoms of substance abuse include:2

  • Depression
  • Loss of motivation
  • Becoming easily agitated or uncooperative
  • Becoming deceitful or secretive
  • Difficulty focusing
  • Loss of interest in activities previously enjoyed
  • Engaging in illegal behavior (e.g., stealing)
  • Overly protective of personal items
  • Sleeps more or less often and at unusual times
  • Poor hygiene or unkempt appearance
  • Smells of smoke on clothes or alcohol on breath
  • Bloodshot, dilated, or constricted eyes
  • Dramatic weight loss or gain
  • Chronic exhaustion
  • Sores or other spots around the mouth and other areas of the body

Risk Factors for Substance Abuse

Risk factors for substance abuse and addiction do not guarantee that individuals will engage in unhealthy behaviors. However, the more factors present, the greater the likelihood of developing a problem.

Genetic Predisposition

Genetic predisposition includes a family history of substance abuse or addictive disorders. This characteristic is arguably one of the most important risk factors for drug and substance use, with research suggesting that genetics may be 50% responsible for problematic addictive behavior.3

The human genome project revealed that all humans (past, present, and future) share about 99.9% of the same genetic makeup.4 Accordingly, the similarities from one generation to the next are an even closer match—meaning many of the benefits or complications in one population pass on to the next generation.3

Early Use

Continued substance use eventually alters brain chemistry and other vital organs necessary for optimal functioning.3 Humans continually grow throughout life, but most of this development occurs during the earlier stages of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

The body rapidly and significantly changes in youth, and introducing drugs and alcohol during these stages may compromise these developments. Recent studies show that about 70% of users who try an illegal drug before age 13 develop a substance use disorder within the next seven years.5

Lack of Supervision

Children and adolescents naturally “test the waters” when seeing what they can get away with. Consistent monitoring and support from guardians may help redirect younger individuals to more appropriate behaviors. However, children without supervision have more freedom to experiment with drugs, alcohol, and other substances with minimal risk of parental involvement, increasing the likelihood of misuse and addiction.

Peer Pressure

Everyone is susceptible to peer pressure, and this is a commonly known risk factor for substance abuse. Environments and groups that accept and even encourage substance abuse normalize addictive behavior. People in these situations may think, “Well, everyone is doing it!” This narrow perspective leaves individuals feeling left out when not participating, sometimes resulting in substance use that becomes problematic over time.

Using Highly Addictive Substances

Experimenting with highly addictive drugs and substances places someone at a heightened risk of substance abuse. Nicotine, barbiturates, cocaine, alcohol, and heroin are among the top addictive substances due to euphoric side effects.6 These drugs alter the reward pathway, offering users temporary pleasure or pain relief. Individuals may chase these “highs” by repeatedly consuming a substance, possibly leading to dependence or addiction.

Low Self-Esteem

Low self-esteem is another risk factor associated with addiction and substance abuse. Various triggers can cause low self-esteem, such as continued perceived failures, bullying, or mental health conditions.

Individuals with low self-esteem may immediately escape self-criticism and feel better about themselves after using substances. Additionally, they may associate substance use with social acceptance and derive an extra confidence boost. Some may view “using buddies” as true friends rather than enablers or negative influences.

Traumatic Life Experience

Trauma occurs after a distressing event. These experiences vary from person to person and can be acute (single significant event) or chronic (ongoing). Individuals may view substance abuse as a solution to depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) stemming from trauma. Some may escape with drugs and alcohol rather than experience mental pain and torment. However, the trauma does not subside, and substance abuse only worsens the problem. as

Loss

Loss and trauma often go hand-in-hand and are additional risk factors for addiction and substance abuse. For example, people may struggle with losing a loved one, job, financial security, or housing. They may be at risk of substance abuse when they cannot bear their grief. Some may think, “I have nothing else to lose.”

At this point, a person may intentionally partake in self-destructive behavior to gain a sense of relief instead of focusing on their grief. They may feel hopeless and helpless, especially when the loss is out of their control.

Having a Mental Health Disorder

Mental health disorders present additional challenges for those struggling with substance abuse. Conditions can affect the ability to think clearly, make sound decisions, and cope with everyday stressors. An individual lacking life satisfaction may try anything to feel better, even resorting to prescription misuse.

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Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by Ria Health and  Workit Health.

Overcoming Risk Factors for Substance Abuse

Fortunately, many protective factors for substance abuse can help individuals reduce the risk of addiction. Although individuals cannot prevent or change genetic predisposition, they can learn healthy ways to cope with their challenges.

Below are preventative factors to protect against substance abuse:

Family Connectedness

Family connectedness is essential when exploring risk factors for substance abuse. Children need to feel loved and receive basic needs to develop higher functioning capacities (e.g., healthy emotional development, coping skills, creativity, and problem-solving). Parents should also model healthy behavior and provide education about substance abuse so their children can adopt these examples.

Supervision

Proper parental supervision reduces the risk of substance abuse because children and teens have fewer opportunities to experiment. This involvement may entail regularly checking in, spending ample time together, asking questions, providing support, and having consequences for unacceptable behavior. Adults can apply these same principles to their relationships by holding one another accountable or calling out destructive behaviors.

Positive Social Support

Individuals with positive support networks can enjoy time spent together without introducing substances. Additionally, these networks can provide guidance and advice should these individuals begin using or struggling with life challenges. People learn to know they are not alone, often reducing an urge to use substances as a coping mechanism.

Healthy Coping Skills

Healthy coping mechanisms help people work through difficult and tragic situations. People often learn these skills throughout their lives, partially explaining why younger individuals struggle more with coping than adults. Each person will have different methods, but all healthy behavior contributes to positive outcomes.

Below are coping skills that can help people cope with substance abuse:

  • Engaging in healthy and enjoyable activities
  • Picking up a new hobby or reviving an old one
  • Learning something new
  • Enrolling in a course or program of study
  • Working out
  • Eating healthy
  • Reading, writing, listening to music, playing video games, or watching TV
  • Prayer, meditation, introspection, or reflection
  • Distancing from “drug buddies” and other toxic relationships
  • Keeping spaces clear of drugs and paraphernalia
  • Working toward and achieving a goal
  • Exploring life meaning
  • Getting in touch with spirituality
  • Speaking to someone when experiencing difficulties
  • Having an optimistic perception of life

Accepting Help

Certain conditions require professional help, as is the case with substance abuse. Individuals can choose between different mental health professionals, but every provider can offer unbiased appraisals of life and situations. They will listen, supply empathic support, and collaborate with clients in devising healthier habits. You can find the right therapist using an online therapist directory.

In other cases, people can seek support groups with others who have experienced similar situations. Such support is cathartic and helps an individual realize they are not alone. Accepting assistance may help people reach their goals more rapidly and effectively than alone.

Abstinence

Perhaps the most blatant protective factor against substance abuse is abstinence. Individuals cannot abuse substances if consumption never starts. Further, this protective factor limits the potential risk factors of substance abuse entirely—including genetic predisposition. For instance, a person may have a genetic predisposition but never activate the “addiction genes.”

At the same time, abstinence may prove the most challenging. Regulating and moderating substance use is essential if abstinence is seemingly impossible. Individuals should seek assistance if any problems arise.

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Final Thoughts

Though relatively general and straightforward, consistently following these recommendations will help minimize risks associated with substance abuse. Note that continued motivation to remain on track is of utmost importance. Whenever you are struggling, consider reaching out for professional support.

Additional Resources

Education is just the first step on our path to improved mental health and emotional wellness. To help our readers take the next step in their journey, Choosing Therapy has partnered with leaders in mental health and wellness. Choosing Therapy may be compensated for marketing by the companies mentioned below.

Online Treatment for Opioids or Alcohol, Including Medication.

Workit Health – Modern, personalized recovery that combines medication, a supportive community, and helpful content. Covered by many insurance plans. Currently available in FL, TX, OH, MI, and NJ. Visit Workit Health

Alcohol Treatment – Cut Back or Quit Entirely

Ria Health – Quickly change your relationship to alcohol with our at-home program. On average, members reduce their BAC levels by 50% in 3 months in the program. Services are covered by many major health plans. Visit Ria Health

Telehealth Treatment For Opioid Use Disorder

Bicycle Health – offers therapy, support, and medication for addiction treatment (MAT).  MAT offers the lowest relapse rates for opioid use disorder, helping people to stop using opioids with minimal physical discomfort. Covered by most major insurance. Visit Bicycle Health

Drinking Moderation

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Treatment for Mental Health Conditions That Coexist With SUD

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Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by Ria Health, Sunnyside, Talkiatry, Workit Health and Bicycle Health.

For Further Reading

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (BIDA)
  • How to Get Help for a Loved One or Friend With an Addiction
  • Teen Drug Abuse: Signs, Effects, & How to Help
  • Bath Salts Addiction: Signs, Symptoms & Treatments

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The Relationship Between OCD and Addiction

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and addiction both involve strong urges to repeatedly engage in activities that interfere with one’s goals, values, and ability to function. This raises other important questions about the potential relationship between the conditions. For example, does addiction involve obsessions and compulsions? Are people with OCD addicted to performing their compulsions? We surveyed the latest research and talked with in-house experts here at NOCD to address these questions and more. Here’s what we learned. Read More

OCD and Alcohol: Why You Should Not Mix Them

It’s no secret that alcohol appeals to many people for a number of reasons. Primarily, the sense of euphoria, relaxation, and giddiness that one feels when alcohol acts on the brain is its siren call. For many people who suffer from OCD, the feeling of calm and elevated mood is a welcome reprieve from the nagging fear of the intrusive thoughts or compulsive behaviors that burden them. However, that momentary relief often culminates in more severe symptoms. Read More

This content is sponsored By NOCD.

Risk Factors for Substance Abuse Infographics

Early Warning Signs of Substance Abuse What Are the Risk Factors for Substance Abuse? Overcoming Risk Factors for Substance Abuse

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Sources Update History

Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.

  • Mayo Clinic. (2017). Drug addiction (substance use disorder). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  • Partnership Staff. (2020). How to spot the signs of teen or young adult substance use. Retrieved from https://drugfree.org/article/spotting-drug-use/

  • Addictions and Recovery. (2020). The genetics of drug and alcohol addiction. Retrieved from https://www.addictionsandrecovery.org/is-addiction-a-disease.htm.

  • Ramsey Pflanzer, L. & Lee, S. (2018). Our DNA is 99.9% the same as the person next to us—and we’re surprisingly similar to a lot of other living things. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/comparing-genetic-similarity-between-humans-and-other-things-2016-5

  • National Center for Drug Abuse Statistics. (2019). General use statistics. Retrieved from https://drugabusestatistics.org/

  • Juergens, J. (2016). These are the 5 most addictive substances on earth. Retrieved from https://www.addictioncenter.com/community/these-are-the-5-most-addictive-substances-on-earth/

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We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about our editorial policies here.

September 12, 2023
Author: No Change
Reviewer: No Change
Primary Changes: Edited for readability and clarity. Reviewed and added relevant resources.
November 11, 2020
Author: Matt Glowiak, PhD, LCPC
Reviewer: Dena Westphalen, PharmD
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  • Signs of Substance AbuseSigns of Substance Abuse
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  • Preventing Substance AbusePreventing Substance Abuse
  • ConclusionConclusion
  • ResourcesResources
  • InfographicsInfographics
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