• Mental Health
    • Anxiety
      • What is Anxiety?
      • Types of Anxiety Disorders
      • Signs & Symptoms of Anxiety
      • Treatments for Anxiety
      • Anxiety Statistics
      • See More Anxiety Content
      • Find an Anxiety Specialist
    • Depression
      • What is Depression?
      • Types of Depression
      • Signs & Symptoms of Depression
      • Treatments for Depression
      • Depression Statistics
      • Find a Depression Specialist
    • Bipolar Disorder
      • What is Bipolar Disorder?
      • Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
      • Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
      • What Are Bipolar Disorder Cycles?
      • Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
      • Find a Bipolar Disorder Specialist
    • ADHD
      • What is ADHD?
      • ADHD Signs & Symptoms
      • ADHD & Depression
      • Find an ADHD Specialist
    • Addiction
      • What is Addiction?
      • What Are Behavioral Addictions?
      • Addiction vs Dependence
      • Addiction Myths vs Facts
      • Addiction Statistics
      • How to Help a Friend
      • Find an Addiction Specialist
    • Eating Disorders
      • Anorexia
      • Bulimia
    • Personality Disorders
      • Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
        • OCD vs. OCPD
    • Trauma
      • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
        • PTSD & COVID-19
      • Childhood Trauma
    • Sexual Disorders
      • Anorgasmia
      • Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD)
      • Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD)
      • Premature Ejaculation (PE)
      • Delayed Ejaculation
    • Schizophrenia
  • Therapy Techniques
    • Online Therapy
      • Best Online Therapy
      • Online Therapy for Teens
      • Best LGBTQ Online Therapy
      • Best Online Therapy for Insurance
    • Psychotherapy
    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
      • CBT for Anxiety
      • CBT for Social Anxiety
      • CBT for Panic Disorder
      • CBT for Insomnia
      • CBT Online
    • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
      • DBT for Teens
    • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
    • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
      • EMDR for PTSD
      • EMDR for Anxiety
      • EMDR Online
    • Art Therapy
    • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
    • Exposure and Response Prevention
    • Group Therapy
    • Hypnotherapy
    • Motivational Interviewing
    • Person Centered Therapy
    • Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
    • Sex Therapy
  • Types of Therapists
    • Faith-Based & Christian Counselors
    • Life Coaching
    • Family Therapist
      • Child & Teen Counseling
    • Marriage & Couples Counselors
      • Premarital Counseling
    • Psychiatrist
      • Psychology vs. Psychiatry
    • Psychotherapist
    • Grief Counselors
    • Online Therapists
  • Starting Therapy FAQ
    • Does Therapy Work?
      • How to Find a Therapist
      • Helping a Friend or Loved One
    • How to Choose a Therapist
      • Finding a Black Therapist
      • Finding a Latinx Therapist
      • Finding an LGBTQ-Friendly Therapist
      • Finding a Therapist as a Young Adult
      • Finding an Online Therapist
    • Preparing for Your First Session
    • Types of Mental Health Professionals
    • Mental Health Insurance
      • HSAs for Therapy
      • Sliding Scale Therapy Fees
    • Mental Health in the Workplace
      • Asking for a Mental Health Day
      • Taking Time Off for Mental Health
    • Top Mental Health Organizations
      • Mental Health Resources Outside the U.S.
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Policy
    • Advertising Policy
    • Privacy Policy
    • Contact Us
    • Write for Us
    • Join the Directory
    • Careers
  • Therapist Directory
    • Find a Therapist
    • Join the Directory
    • Directory Login
  • Mental Health
    • Anxiety
      • What is Anxiety?
      • Types of Anxiety Disorders
      • Signs & Symptoms of Anxiety
      • Treatments for Anxiety
      • Anxiety Statistics
      • See More Anxiety Content
      • Find an Anxiety Specialist
    • Depression
      • What is Depression?
      • Types of Depression
      • Signs & Symptoms of Depression
      • Treatments for Depression
      • Depression Statistics
      • Find a Depression Specialist
    • Bipolar Disorder
      • What is Bipolar Disorder?
      • Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
      • Signs & Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
      • What Are Bipolar Disorder Cycles?
      • Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
      • Find a Bipolar Disorder Specialist
    • ADHD
      • What is ADHD?
      • ADHD Signs & Symptoms
      • ADHD & Depression
      • Find an ADHD Specialist
    • Addiction
      • What is Addiction?
      • What Are Behavioral Addictions?
      • Addiction vs Dependence
      • Addiction Myths vs Facts
      • Addiction Statistics
      • How to Help a Friend
      • Find an Addiction Specialist
    • Eating Disorders
      • Anorexia
      • Bulimia
    • Personality Disorders
      • Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
        • OCD vs. OCPD
    • Trauma
      • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
        • PTSD & COVID-19
      • Childhood Trauma
    • Sexual Disorders
      • Anorgasmia
      • Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD)
      • Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD)
      • Premature Ejaculation (PE)
      • Delayed Ejaculation
    • Schizophrenia
  • Therapy Techniques
    • Online Therapy
      • Best Online Therapy
      • Online Therapy for Teens
      • Best LGBTQ Online Therapy
      • Best Online Therapy for Insurance
    • Psychotherapy
    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
      • CBT for Anxiety
      • CBT for Social Anxiety
      • CBT for Panic Disorder
      • CBT for Insomnia
      • CBT Online
    • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
      • DBT for Teens
    • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
    • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
      • EMDR for PTSD
      • EMDR for Anxiety
      • EMDR Online
    • Art Therapy
    • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
    • Exposure and Response Prevention
    • Group Therapy
    • Hypnotherapy
    • Motivational Interviewing
    • Person Centered Therapy
    • Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
    • Sex Therapy
  • Types of Therapists
    • Faith-Based & Christian Counselors
    • Life Coaching
    • Family Therapist
      • Child & Teen Counseling
    • Marriage & Couples Counselors
      • Premarital Counseling
    • Psychiatrist
      • Psychology vs. Psychiatry
    • Psychotherapist
    • Grief Counselors
    • Online Therapists
  • Starting Therapy FAQ
    • Does Therapy Work?
      • How to Find a Therapist
      • Helping a Friend or Loved One
    • How to Choose a Therapist
      • Finding a Black Therapist
      • Finding a Latinx Therapist
      • Finding an LGBTQ-Friendly Therapist
      • Finding a Therapist as a Young Adult
      • Finding an Online Therapist
    • Preparing for Your First Session
    • Types of Mental Health Professionals
    • Mental Health Insurance
      • HSAs for Therapy
      • Sliding Scale Therapy Fees
    • Mental Health in the Workplace
      • Asking for a Mental Health Day
      • Taking Time Off for Mental Health
    • Top Mental Health Organizations
      • Mental Health Resources Outside the U.S.
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Policy
    • Advertising Policy
    • Privacy Policy
    • Contact Us
    • Write for Us
    • Join the Directory
    • Careers
  • Therapist Directory
    • Find a Therapist
    • Join the Directory
    • Directory Login
Skip to content

An Overview of Women’s Mental Health: Anxiety, Depression, & More

Published: April 4, 2022 Updated: November 28, 2022
Published: 04/04/2022 Updated: 11/28/2022
Headshot of Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
Written by:

Emily Guarnotta

PsyD
Headshot of Dr. Kristen Fuller, MD
Reviewed by:

Kristen Fuller

MD
  • An Overview of Women’s Mental Health in the U.S.Overview
  • Depression in WomenDepression
  • Anxiety in WomenAnxiety
  • Premenstrual Dysphoric DisorderPMDD
  • Peripartum & Postpartum DepressionPPD
  • Eating Disorders & Body Image IssuesEating Disorders
  • Abuse & TraumaAbuse and Trauma
  • Substance Abuse in WomenSubstance Abuse
  • How to Get Treatment for Women’s Mental Health ConcernsTreatment
  • Final Thoughts on Women’s Mental HealthConclusion
  • Additional ResourcesResources
  • Women’s Mental Health InfographicsInfographics
Headshot of Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
Written by:

Emily Guarnotta

PsyD
Headshot of Dr. Kristen Fuller, MD
Reviewed by:

Kristen Fuller

MD

Women can experience a number of mental health concerns, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance use disorders, and trauma-related disorders. Women are at greater risk for certain mental health conditions and may experience different symptoms than men. Mental health treatment that addresses the unique needs of women is available for those suffering from a range of conditions.

Connect with a therapist that specializes in women’s mental health. BetterHelp has over 20,000 licensed therapists who provide convenient and affordable online therapy. BetterHelp starts at $60 per week. Complete a brief questionnaire and get matched with the right therapist for you.

Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by BetterHelp

Visit BetterHelp

An Overview of Women’s Mental Health in the U.S.

Women’s mental health is an important issue that affects more than one in five women in the United States.1 Certain mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are more common in women than men.2 Other conditions, like postpartum depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, are unique to women.

Even when men and women experience the same mental health condition, the symptoms that women experience may be different. For example, women are more likely than men to experience physical complaints related to a mental illness. While there are common differences between men and women, it is important to remember that each person is unique. Even women dealing with the same mental health concerns may have different symptoms and experiences.

Elena Welsh, PhD“I find that women frequently receive social messages and pressures that are not always good for our mental health. For instance, many of my clients struggle with pretty extreme tendencies to “people please,” which often translates into having poor boundaries around their own needs and can lead to burnout, low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. Seeking therapy can be transformative because it is a tangible step towards prioritizing your own wellbeing as opposed to a continual focus on others.” – Elena Welsh, PhD

Depression in Women

Depression is one of the most common mental health issues that women in the United States experience. Women are more likely than men to experience depression and tend to internalize their symptoms.6 For example, women may be more likely to experience emotions like guilt and worthlessness, isolate from others, and experience somatic symptoms such as headaches, gastrointestinal problems, and fatigue.

Women may experience several different types of depressive disorders,5 and symptoms typically include sadness, loss of interest in things, difficulty concentrating, low motivation and energy, and changes in sleep, appetite, and/or weight. Female hormones such as estrogen are believed to explain the higher rate of depression in women. Women’s risk of depression tends to increase during time periods that involve hormonal changes, such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause (potentially triggering or contributing to a midlife crisis).

Treatment for Depression

Though women are impacted by depression more often than men, recovery is possible. Women are more likely to seek treatment for their depression compared to men. Common treatment options for depression include therapy and/or antidepressant medication.5 Self-care is also important to help combat depression. For example, studies show that physical exercise can help reduce your risk of developing depression and in some cases may also help alleviate symptoms.5

Anxiety in Women

Anxiety is another common mental health condition that affects women. More than one in five adults in the United States experience anxiety disorders, and women are twice as likely as men to suffer from an anxiety disorder.7 Some of the most common types of anxiety disorders that affect women include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, and phobias.8 Symptoms of anxiety disorders typically include excessive worry that is hard to control, restlessness, difficulty sleeping, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and potential weight loss or weight gain.

Professionals believe that anxiety may be caused by a combination of genetics, hormonal changes, and life experiences.1 Like depression, hormones are believed to be one of the underlying reasons why women suffer from anxiety at higher rates than men. This explains why anxiety can develop during periods that involve dramatic hormonal shifts, like pregnancy, the postpartum period, or menopause.8 Anxiety can also be a symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Treatment for Anxiety

Treatment for anxiety disorders typically involves cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of therapy that focuses on changing unhealthy thoughts and beliefs, and/or anti-anxiety medications.7 Complementary practices and alternative medicines like meditation and exercise are also effective at helping to alleviate anxiety.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a type of depression that affects nearly 5% of women of childbearing age.9 PMDD is similar to premenstrual syndrome (PMS), but is more severe and affects a woman’s functioning. Symptoms of PMDD include sadness, irritability, and anxiety that occur one to two weeks before a woman gets her period and usually resolves within a few days of her period starting. Though all women experience changes in hormone levels during their menstrual cycle, women with PMDD appear to be more sensitive to these changes.10

Treatment & Management for PMDD

Charting your menstrual cycle and mood symptoms can help you get a better idea of whether you are dealing with PMDD. This allows you and your healthcare provider to see if your symptoms follow a pattern based on your hormone levels and cycle. Like depression and anxiety, treatment for PMDD can include CBT or other types of therapy and/or antidepressant or anti-anxiety medications.9 Additionally, birth control pills that contain drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol, dietary changes, exercise, and stress management techniques can also help improve symptoms.

Peripartum & Postpartum Depression

Peripartum and postpartum depression are two types of depression that can affect childbearing women. Peripartum depression is depression that occurs during pregnancy.11 Postpartum depression is depression that occurs within one year of giving birth. It is estimated that approximately 18% of pregnant women and 19% of postpartum women experience depression.12

Many women experience the baby blues, which includes mild sadness, anxiety, and irritability, within the first week of giving birth.11 In the majority of cases, these symptoms resolve within a few weeks, but some women continue to struggle and develop postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is often caused by a combination of hormonal changes, sleep deprivation, and the stress of adjusting to caring for a new baby. Women who have a history of depression, lack of social support, and marital problems are at higher risk of depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Treatment

Treatment for peripartum and postpartum depression may include therapy and/or antidepressant medications.11 CBT and interpersonal therapy, a type of therapy that focuses on improving relationships, are two effective therapies for this type of depression. Establishing a positive support network and finding ways to improve sleep and self-care are also important for recovery.

Eating Disorders & Body Image Issues

Eating disorders are a category of mental health conditions that involve problems with eating, weight, and body image.13 They include anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. Eating disorders are twice as common in women and most prevalent among adolescents and young adults.14 The majority of people with eating disorders have another co-occurring mental illness, like depression, anxiety, or a substance use disorder.

  • Around .9% of adult women in the United States suffer from anorexia
  • About .5% of adult women experience bulimia
  • About 1.6% of adult women suffer from binge eating disorder13

Treatment for Eating Disorders

Treatment for eating disorders often involves therapy, medication, weight monitoring, and coordination with other healthcare providers, including physicians and dieticians.

Abuse & Trauma

Half of Americans experience at least some form of trauma in their lifetimes.17 Examples of traumatic events include exposure to natural disasters or combat, being the victim of a crime, or experiencing physical, emotional, or sexual abuse. Some people that experience trauma will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).8 Symptoms of PTSD include reliving the event in some way (such as through flashbacks or nightmares), avoiding reminders of the trauma, negative thoughts or feelings, and hypervigilance.

Around one in 10 women will develop PTSD at some point in their lifetimes, and it is twice as common in women than men.18 The types of PTSD symptoms that men and women experience may also be different. Women are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, hypervigilance, emotional numbness, and avoid reminders of the event. They also have a greater tendency to experience physical health problems and use drugs and alcohol as ways to cope with the trauma.

Getting Help

When it comes to getting help for PTSD, women tend to wait longer than men to get treatment.18 Women experience PTSD for an average of four years before getting diagnosed. Treatment for PTSD typically includes medication and therapy. Cognitive processing therapy (CPT), exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are therapies that are widely used for treating PTSD.

Substance Abuse in Women

Substance use is widespread among women. Nearly 19.5 million women ages 18 and older, or 15.4% of women in the United States, reported using illicit drugs within the past year.15 Around five million women report drinking heavily, meaning that they consume four or more drinks within a short period of time at least five days in a month.

In general, women face unique issues when it comes to substance use disorders. For example, female hormones may make women more sensitive to certain drugs. Women who use drugs or alcohol may be at greater risk for physical and mental health problems and at a higher likelihood of overdose when compared to men. Women are also more prone to become addicted to substances when using even small amounts.16

Treatment for Substance Misuse & Addiction

Women face unique issues when it comes to getting treatment for addiction. Sometimes barriers like work, childcare, household responsibilities, and fear of judgement can get in the way of women getting help. Women who are pregnant may feel embarrassed or ashamed to get treatment, but getting help is important since substance use can have negative effects on the unborn child. Depending on the drug and severity of addiction, treatment may include detoxification, an inpatient or residential stay, or outpatient treatment. Medications, therapy, and addiction support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous are typically recommended.

10% Discount on BetterHelp
BetterHelp is offering Choosing Therapy readers a 10% discount on the first month of their subscription. If you’re ready to sign up with BetterHelp, click here to automatically apply the discount code “choosingtherapy”. Choosing Therapy is compensated for marketing.

Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health & wellness companies and is compensated for marketing by the company mentioned above.

How to Get Treatment for Women’s Mental Health Concerns

If you are dealing with mental health concerns, you may benefit from treatment. There are many different types of treatment options available to help the mental health conditions described above. Treatment typically involves therapy by itself or in combination with medication or support groups.

Dr. Welsh notes, “I encourage women to seek therapy at any point they feel they need some additional support. There is still a misconception that therapy has to be a huge time investment, but even a few sessions can help you gain insight on what you are struggling with and provide you with additional tools to cope with life’s inevitable challenges. Once you have a therapist you have connected with, it is so much easier to reach out in the event that you are struggling.”

OB-GYNs Can Be Instrumental in Detecting Mental Health Issues in Women

Because of the importance of addressing mental health in women, healthcare providers, especially OB-GYNs, play an important role in identifying and treating mental health conditions. Choosing Therapy conducted a survey of 135 OB-GYNs on Sermo, a global data collecting platform of over 800,000, anonymous, verified physicians, about the mental health of their patients. More than half of the OB-GYNs surveyed reported that at least 40% of their patients present with psychological symptoms or bring up mental health concerns.

Healthcare providers may assess for the presence of a mental health condition and recommend treatment if necessary. Often the treatment recommendation involves speaking with a therapist, but unfortunately only a small portion of patients follow through on this. The same survey revealed that, according to over 70% of OB-GYNs who recommended that their patients speak to a therapist, less than a third made it to even one therapy session.

While there are many barriers to getting women into mental health treatment, almost 50% of women with a mental illness do seek and receive help.3 In fact, women are more likely to seek mental health treatment than men. Treatment for women’s mental health disorders will depend upon the particular condition and severity of the illness. Generally, though, women dealing with mental health concerns may benefit from therapy, social support, and medication for some.

Where to Get Help

Beginning the process of getting help can be daunting. There are several ways to get more information on types of treatments, finding a provider, and paying for treatment:

  • Locating a therapist: Choosing Therapy offers a directory of therapists that specialize in various areas.
  • Locating a substance abuse or behavioral health program: The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers the Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator tool to assist in finding a local behavioral health or addiction treatment program.
  • Virtual addiction recovery: SAMHSA also provides a listing of online addiction recovery groups and resources.
  • Support groups: The Anxiety and Depression Association of America and the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) offer search tools to help you find local and online support groups.
  • Health insurance: For information on the Affordable Care Act and how to use health insurance to cover mental health treatment, see MentalHealth.gov.
  • Helplines: For the telephone numbers of different national helplines that can provide more information on specific disorders and how to get help, see the Office on Women’s Health.

Elena Welsh encourages, “When looking for a therapist, aside from a general online search, ask around. You will be surprised how many of your friends have seen or are seeing a therapist. When you are willing to start this conversation with the people in your life, you are likely to also begin to develop deeper and more fulfilling connections with them. You may also check with any of your providers that specialize in women’s health, such as your OB-GYN or fertility specialist, as they may be able to connect you to a therapist that is particularly well versed in issues that are specific to women.”

Final Thoughts on Women’s Mental Health

If you are a woman dealing with a mental health issue, you are not alone. Nearly 20% of women in the United States experience some type of mental health concern.1 Speaking with a therapist, friend, family member, or other professional can help you to feel more supported and start the road to recovery. Don’t hesitate to reach out for help.

Additional Resources

Education is just the first step on our path to improved mental health and emotional wellness. To help our readers take the next step in their journey, Choosing Therapy has partnered with leaders in mental health and wellness. Choosing Therapy may be compensated for marketing by the companies mentioned below.

Online Therapy 

BetterHelp Get support and guidance from a licensed therapist. BetterHelp has over 20,000 therapists, who provide convenient and affordable online therapy.  Complete a brief questionnaire and get matched with the right therapist for you. Get Started

Virtual Psychiatry

Talkiatry Get help from a real doctor that takes your insurance. Talkiatry offers medication management and online visits with top-rated psychiatrists. Take the online assessment and have your first appointment within a week. Free Assessment

Relationship Help

Online-Therapy With a couples counselor, you can work on developing better communication, building trust, and improving intimacy. Online-Therapy.com provides a weekly live video session and unlimited text messaging. Get Started

Choosing Therapy  Directory 

You can search for therapists by specialty,  experience, insurance or price, and location. Find a therapist today.

Choosing Therapy partners with leading mental health companies and is compensated for marketing by BetterHelp, Online-Therapy.com, and Talkiatry.

For Further Reading

  • Best Self-Help Books for Women
  • Books to Help with Codependency
  • Books for Promoting Self-Love
  • Mental Health America
  • National Alliance on Mental Health
  • MentalHealth.gov

Women’s Mental Health Infographics

Women's Mental Health Mental Health Issues Among Women Number of American Women Who Had Experienced Symptoms of Depression

Anxiety and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Peripartum and Postpartum Depression Eating Disorder and Body Image Issues Among Women

PTSD is More Common Among Women Than in Men Seeking Treatment for Women's Mental Health Concerns Getting Help for Women's Mental Health Issues

18 sources

Choosing Therapy strives to provide our readers with mental health content that is accurate and actionable. We have high standards for what can be cited within our articles. Acceptable sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other high-integrity sources of mental health journalism. Learn more by reviewing our full editorial policy.

  • Office on Women’s Health. (2019, January). Mental health conditions. Retrieved from: https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions

  • National Institute on Mental Health. (2019, May). Women and mental health. Retrieved from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml

  • National Institute on Mental Health. (2021, January). Mental illness. Retrieved from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml

  • Villarroel, M.A. & Terlizzi, E.P. (2020). Symptoms of depression among adults: United States, 2019. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, no 379.

  • Office on Women’s Health. (2019, May). Depression. Retrieved from: https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/depression

  • Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40(4), 219-221.

  • Office on Women’s Health. (2019, January). Anxiety disorders. Retrieved from: https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/anxiety-disorders

  • Hantsoo, L., & Epperson, C. N. (2017). Anxiety disorders among women: A female lifespan approach. Focus, 15(2), 162-172.

  • Office on Women’s Health. (2018, March). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Retrieved from: https://www.womenshealth.gov/menstrual-cycle/premenstrual-syndrome/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-pmdd

  • Mishra, S., Elliott, H., & Marwaha, R. (2020). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. StatPearls Publishing.

  • National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.) Perinatal depression. Retrieved from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression/index.shtml

  • Hübner-Liebermann, B., Hausner, H., & Wittmann, M. (2012). Recognizing and treating peripartum depression. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 109(24), 419–424.

  • Galmiche, M., Déchelotte, P., Lambert, G., & Tavolacci, M. P. (2019). Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: A systematic literature review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(5), 1402-1413

  • National Institute on Mental Health. (2017, November). Eating disorders. Retrieved from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/eating-disorders.shtml

    1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, January). Substance use in women Drug Facts. Retrieved from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/substance-use-in-women
  • Office on Women’s Health. (2018, December). Alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder, and addiction. Retrieved from: https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder-substance-use-disorder-and-addiction

  • National Institute on Mental Health. (2017, November). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Retrieved from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd.shtml

  • Office on Women’s Health. (2018, August). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Retrieved from: https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorde

update history

We regularly update the articles on ChoosingTherapy.com to ensure we continue to reflect scientific consensus on the topics we cover, to incorporate new research into our articles, and to better answer our audience’s questions. When our content undergoes a significant revision, we summarize the changes that were made and the date on which they occurred. We also record the authors and medical reviewers who contributed to previous versions of the article. Read more about our editorial policies here.

  • Originally Published: February 17, 2021
    Original Author: Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
    Original Reviewer: Kristen Fuller, MD

  • Updated: April 4, 2022
    Author: No Change
    Reviewer: No Change
    Primary Changes: Updated for readability and clarity; Added and reviewed relevant resources.

Recent Articles

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Symptoms, Signs, & Treatments
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Symptoms, Signs, & Treatments
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition defined by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). People...
';
Paranoia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment
Paranoia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment
Paranoia refers to intense fears and discomfort about one’s sense of safety in the world. When someone has symptoms...
';
Hallucinations vs Delusions: Differences & Treatments
Hallucinations Vs. Delusions: Differences & Treatments
Hallucinations relate to disturbances in sensory experiences, while delusions affect a person’s innate beliefs and mental constructs. These may...
';
Depression Symptoms, Signs, & What to Watch For
Depression Symptoms, Signs, & What to Watch For
Depression symptoms can include sadness, fatigue, and poor self-esteem, but signs of depression can be more complicated because the...
';
Depression: Types, Symptoms, & Treatments
Depression: Types, Symptoms, & Treatments
Depression is a mood disorder that brings about sadness and can influence our energy, irritability, and overall well-being. There...
';
Binge Eating Disorder: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatments
Binge Eating Disorder: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatments
Binge eating disorder is characterized by excessive food intake compared to what another person would normally eat along with...
';
Headshot of Emily Guarnotta, PsyD
Written by:

Emily Guarnotta

PsyD
Headshot of Dr. Kristen Fuller, MD
Reviewed by:

Kristen Fuller

MD
  • An Overview of Women’s Mental Health in the U.S.Overview
  • Depression in WomenDepression
  • Anxiety in WomenAnxiety
  • Premenstrual Dysphoric DisorderPMDD
  • Peripartum & Postpartum DepressionPPD
  • Eating Disorders & Body Image IssuesEating Disorders
  • Abuse & TraumaAbuse and Trauma
  • Substance Abuse in WomenSubstance Abuse
  • How to Get Treatment for Women’s Mental Health ConcernsTreatment
  • Final Thoughts on Women’s Mental HealthConclusion
  • Additional ResourcesResources
  • Women’s Mental Health InfographicsInfographics
If you are in need of immediate medical help:
Medical
Emergency
911
Suicide Hotline
800-273-8255
See more Crisis Hotlines
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Write for Us
  • Careers
  • Editorial Policy
  • Advertising Policy
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service
  • No Surprises Act
For immediate help call:
Medical Emergency:
911
Suicide Hotline:
988
Click For More Crisis Hotlines
For immediate help call:
Medical Emergency:
911
Suicide Hotline:
811
See more Crisis Hotlines
here
logo
This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information:
verify here.
This website is certified by Health On the Net Foundation. Click to verify.
Choosing Therapy Logo
We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. By clicking “Accept”, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, you may visit Cookie Settings to provide controlled consent. Cookie settings ACCEPT
Privacy & Cookies Policy

Privacy Overview

We use cookies to facilitate website functionality. Also, we use third-party cookies to track your website behavior and target advertising. These cookies are stored in your browser only with your consent, and you have the choice of opting out.
Necessary
Always Enabled

Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.

Non Necessary

Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.

Save & Accept