ADHD Symptoms in Kids: Everything You Need to Know

What Is ADHD?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how children learn, interact with others, and function in their daily lives. Signs of ADHD are often more recognizable in kids than adults with ADHD, as teachers, caregivers, and parents typically monitor how children behave at home and school. Depending on the type of ADHD experienced, children may appear more distracted or hyperactive than their peers.

The three presentations of ADHD symptoms include:

• Inattentive ADHD: Symptoms of inattentive ADHD in children generally present as distractibility and difficulties focusing.
• Hyperactive/impulsive ADHD: Hyperactive and impulsive behavior in ADHD may present as restlessness and fidgeting.
• Combined ADHD: A combined presentation includes symptoms of both inattentiveness and hyperactivity.

ADHD Symptoms in Kids

ADHD symptoms in kids vary based on age, gender, environment, and other factors. Some children may lack focus, while others exhibit increased aggression or anger that comes out in the form of an ADHD meltdown. Children with ADHD may make small movements to maintain balance, called postural sway. A child with ADHD may also engage in ADHD masking by mimicking their peers as they attempt to fit in. These behaviors can make identifying distinguishing features difficult for caregivers and authority figures, impeding the diagnostic process.¹

Common symptoms of ADHD in children include:

Inattentive presentation

• Appearing distracted
• Trouble focusing on tasks
• Forgetfulness
• Avoiding uninteresting projects or tasks
• Poor time management (time blindness)
• Difficulties staying organized

Impulsive/hyperactive presentation

• Restlessness
• Talking excessively
• Trouble staying quiet when instructed
• Difficulty waiting their turn

ADHD in Children Vs. Typical Developmental Behavior

Automatically assuming any hyperactive child has ADHD is unrealistic and stigmatizing. The main difference between ADHD and typical developmental behavior is how much symptoms of hyperactivity, disorganization, forgetfulness, or inattentiveness impact daily life. These symptoms need to present across multiple settings, and they will generally coincide with difficulties in school, friendships, and physical safety.²

Signs of ADHD in Kids

ADHD in young children is not always noticeable. Many kids are active, impulsive, and inattentive. Most will have very short attention spans, while their energy appears boundless. Some of the main signs of ADHD include restlessness, consistently interrupting others, losing items, poor attention to detail, or avoiding tasks that require more intense concentration. You may notice an increase in these behaviors after the child consumes red dye 40. Looking for these behaviors can help parents or caregivers offer support as needed.

Signs of Inattentive ADHD Symptoms

Most people note the more hyperactive signs of ADHD in children. However, being aware of inattentive symptoms is equally important, as these may go underdiagnosed, particularly in girls. Young children with inattentive ADHD may exhibit poor focus and concentration skills that present across multiple settings, including at home and in school.³

Below are common signs of inattentive ADHD in kids:

• Making minor or careless mistakes at school
• Frequently misplacing or losing things
• Having a very short attention span
• Appearing disengaged when spoken to
• Difficulties with organization or prioritizing tasks
• Presenting as easily distracted

Signs of Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD Symptoms

Hyperactive-impulsive ADHD manifests more outwardly than inattentive ADHD. Children with this subtype display chronic themes of restlessness and fidgeting. They tend to be highly physically active, often presenting as more talkative than their peers. Many have a diminished sense of danger and may engage in activities that seem risky for their age.

Below are common signs of hyperactive/impulsive ADHD in kids:

• Being unable to sit still
• Constantly being in motion or fidgeting
• Excessive talking and interrupting
• Seeming to act without thinking
• Difficulties concentrating on slower or more sedentary tasks

Childhood ADHD: Boys Vs. Girls

Boys receive an ADHD diagnosis more frequently than girls, and research has shown girls are often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. This difference is likely because their symptoms present differently than the more classic expectations of ADHD. For instance, girls are less likely to display hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, and their behavior tends to be less outwardly disruptive.⁴

ADHD in Girls

ADHD symptoms in girls are typically more inattentive. As with boys, these symptoms may include disorganization, forgetfulness, and careless mistakes. However, other symptoms may include frequent daydreaming, crying spells, emotional sensitivity, shyness, and difficulty processing information. Some girls will also show signs of hyperactivity, with many adults deeming them “tomboys” if their behavior mimics their male peers.

ADHD in Boys

Experts have long studied ADHD symptoms in boys, further explaining the gender bias toward male ADHD diagnoses. Some of the primary signs of ADHD in boys include persistent and chronic themes of hyperactivity. These symptoms will occur in several locations, including home, school, or relationships. They can also impact how boys engage in physical activity and sports.

What Causes ADHD in Children?

The exact causes of ADHD are still unknown. Instead, researchers have determined several ADHD risk factors that may increase the susceptibility to developing the condition. The average ADHD age of onset is around 12, but many children exhibit symptoms of ADHD as early as toddlerhood.

Below are possible causes of ADHD symptoms in kids:

• Brain differences: Research shows children with ADHD have diminished grey and white brain matter volume. Their brain is also activated in different areas when performing various tasks.⁵
• Neurotransmitter imbalances: Some experts postulate that ADHD coincides with lower levels of dopamine and norepinephrine.⁶
• Lower birth weight: Some evidence has suggested a correlation between lower birth weight and a later ADHD diagnosis.
• Exposures to toxins during pregnancy: Although research is still limited, some studies show that prenatal exposure to nicotine or alcohol may increase the likelihood of developing ADHD in children.

Benefits of ADHD in Children

A diagnosis of ADHD does not mean a child will lead a life of negativity or hardship. Children with ADHD can tap into numerous positive traits and enhanced abilities with support and guidance. Some ADHD characteristics foster creative expression, spontaneity, and heightened empathy. Parents should encourage children to explore these benefits of ADHD as they develop their identity and self-esteem.

Below are some positive characteristics of children with ADHD:

Increased Creativity

Children with ADHD often have a heightened sense of creativity, likely due to their ability to see things from different perspectives. Parents and caregivers should allow their children to tap into this creativity frequently by encouraging hands-on and stimulating activities, like drawing, creating music, or writing. Exercises that promote self-expression offer opportunities to release pent-up energy and boost concentration and productivity.

Spontaneity

Children with ADHD often enjoy the merits of being spontaneous in daily life. Because many are generally less risk-averse, they may have a greater sense of vitality and openness to new experiences. This spontaneity may correlate with greater individual fulfillment and a more relaxed, carefree perspective when moving through everyday life.

Ambitiousness & Heightened Energy

Many children with ADHD have endless amounts of energy. Because of this, they may search for opportunities to express and utilize this abundance. Parents can foster this characteristic by asking children about activities they find interesting, whether sports, the arts, or even volunteering. Engaging children in their preferred activities offers healthy outlets for excessive energy and aids in symptom management.

Heightened Compassion & Empathy

Children with ADHD understand how feeling overwhelmed, tired, and frustrated can impact life. Because of this personal experience, these children may more readily accept and offer support to others. They may be more compassionate and open to meeting new people than other children their age.

Innovative Problem-Solving Skills

Kids with ADHD are creative and naturally inclined toward being innovative and unique. They can often draw connections or patterns that others would overlook. They dedicate their time and energy to their passions and goals, and this determination can be rewarding in their academic and personal lives.

Flexibility

One of the primary characteristics of ADHD is difficulties with cognitive flexibility. Sometimes, ADHD may manifest as wanting to do things a specific way, which can lead to issues with executive function.

However, due to their creativity and problem-solving skills, some kids with ADHD tend to be more flexible than their peers. For example, they will do whatever they can to complete a task when they feel determined and supported.

How Is ADHD in Kids Diagnosed?

A licensed mental health professional can diagnose ADHD by conducting specific tests, such as the Conners Rating Scale. Before offering a diagnosis, they will often rule out other possible causes of symptoms, including conduct disorders, childhood anxiety, or childhood depression.²

Because symptoms can vary so much in children, professionals typically consult caregivers and teachers about the child’s behavior. Stable symptom presentation across different ages and situations may warrant an ADHD diagnosis, so obtaining information about the child’s possible ADHD in the classroom or other settings  can provide valuable insight.

Diagnostic criteria for ADHD in children include:

• Symptoms have been present for at least six months
• Symptoms occur in two or more settings
• At least six symptoms of inattention are present
• At least six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present
• Symptoms impact social and academic areas of life

Treating ADHD Symptoms in Kids

Treatment for childhood ADHD may differ slightly from that of adult ADHD treatment but typically includes a multifaceted approach. For young children, professionals recommend behavioral interventions before exploring medication options. Therapy can help children learn healthy ways to cope with symptoms while parents explore how to provide ample support.

Medications for ADHD in Children

ADHD medications for kids can offer relief from challenging symptoms. However, parents should educate themselves about the risks and benefits of any prescription by consulting a pediatrician or psychiatrist. Every medication comes with the risk of adverse effects, and some are not FDA-approved for children under a certain age.

Both stimulant and non-stimulant ADHD medications are available, and a prescriber may recommend one over the other depending on age, symptoms, and needs. Stimulants are a first-line treatment for ADHD, but not every child will benefit from these medications. In other cases, parents and professionals may pursue non-stimulants instead due to intolerable side effects or a co-occurring mental health condition.

Common medications for symptoms of ADHD in children include:

• Adderall (amphetamine)*
• Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine)*
• Ritalin (methylphenidate hcl)*
• Concerta (methylphenidate)*
• Strattera (Atomoxetine)**
• Qelbree (viloxazine)**

*This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of medication misuse or abuse.

**This medication has a black box warning, the most serious kind of warning from the FDA for a risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in certain people. You should talk with your doctor about these risks before starting this medication.

Therapy for ADHD in Children

Therapy for ADHD can help children better communicate their needs and feelings. However, the best therapy for younger children is parental behavioral management. Parents must be on board to help their children manage their symptoms and care for themselves. Older children may benefit from participating in their own individual therapy.

Below are therapies for addressing ADHD symptoms in kids:

• Parent coaching: Parent coaching typically focuses on direct support and strategies parents can use with their children.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT for ADHD can help children and families reframe negative thoughts and choose more adaptive coping mechanisms.
• Family therapy: Family therapy can help everyone at home express their needs and feelings and get on the same page about treatment strategies.

How to Help a Child With ADHD

Providing a safe and warm environment for a child with ADHD is essential. Children naturally have many needs, and those with ADHD require even more understanding and acceptance from parents and caregivers. Focus on showing your child the utmost support so they can continue to grow and thrive.

Here are ways to support a child with ADHD:

• Maintain routines: Routines can create a sense of consistent predictability, and kids with ADHD often thrive when they know exactly what to expect.
• Allow them to fidget: Fidgeting can provide a sense of internal comfort and self-soothing. Let your child express themselves through bodily movement when possible and appropriate.
• Practice relaxation: Teach your child to practice basic mindfulness strategies like deep breathing. These skills can help them regulate their emotions and responses when facing stress or overwhelming stimuli.
• Break up tasks: Break substantial, intimidating tasks into small, manageable steps. Celebrate their efforts as they pass each milestone toward completion.
• Take care of yourself, too: Model the importance of self-care by ensuring you look after your own needs. Caring for your child is harder when pouring from an empty emotional cup.
• Set clear expectations: Outline your boundaries and expectations, and ensure your child knows the consequences if they do not adhere to these rules. Inappropriate behavior is not good, regardless of their diagnosis. Every child needs guidance as they learn the ins and outs of life.
• Encourage healthy lifestyle changes: Focus on helping your child prioritize good sleep hygiene, healthy nutrition, and adequate physical activity. These tools can help them feel emotionally, mentally, and physically well.
• Help your child meet friends:  Socialization can help children feel connected and improve their self-esteem. Consider locating a group of like-minded children and parents who understand the nuances of an ADHD diagnosis.
• Seek accommodations when needed: Stay involved with your child’s school and discuss the best accommodations to ensure their learning success.